unknown252010LangilaCompositeComplex2026Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcLangila, one of the most active volcanoes of New Britain, consists of a group of four small overlapping composite basaltic-andesitic cones on the lower E flank of the extinct Talawe volcano in the Cape Gloucester area of NW New Britain. A rectangular, 2.5-km-long crater is breached widely to the SE; Langila was constructed NE of the breached crater of Talawe. An extensive lava field reaches the coast on the N and NE sides of Langila. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded since the 19th century from three active craters at the summit. The youngest and smallest crater (no. 3 crater) was formed in 1960 and has a diameter of 150 m.-5.5250148.42001330Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-00456.jpgLangila, one of the most active volcanoes of New Britain, consists of a group of four small overlapping cones on the lower eastern flank of the extinct Talawe volcano. Plumes are shown here on 4 September from Craters 2 (left) and 3 (right) during a 1970 eruption. Frequent mild-to-moderate explosive eruptions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded since the 19th century from the three active craters at the summit.Photo by Wally Johnson, 1970 (Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources).Basalt / Picro-Basalt148.42,-5.525252040DakatauaCalderaCaldera1895Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe 10.5 x 13.5 km Dakataua caldera anchors the northern tip of the Willaumez Peninsula of New Britain. The latest episode of caldera formation occurred as recently as about 1,150 years ago, and was followed by at least five sub-Plinian or Vulcanian eruptions. A 12-km-wide freshwater lake whose surface is only about 50 m above sea level occupies the caldera. Two vertical fault-bounded blocks form topographic highs at the western and eastern sides of the caldera. A N-S line of post-caldera cones, explosion craters, and part of an arcuate inner caldera rim form a large peninsula that nearly bisects the arcuate caldera lake. The peninsula includes the 350-m-high andesitic Mount Makalia stratovolcano, the largest of the post-caldera cones, which last erupted during the late-19th century. A major submarine debris avalanche deposit NE of the volcano may represent edifice collapse prior to caldera formation. Thermal areas occur at several locations along the central peninsula.-5.0455150.0996408Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-00459.jpgShown here is the 10.5 x 13.5 km Dakataua caldera at the N tip of the Willaumez Peninsula. Caldera-formatting activity occurred as recently as about 1,150 years ago. A 12-km-wide freshwater lake (foreground), whose surface is only about 50 m above sea level, occupies the caldera. This view from the W shows two maars (right center) and Mount Makalia (top left), which are located along a N-S-trending peninsula.Photo by Russell Blong, 1988 (Macquarie University).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite150.0996,-5.0455252050BolaCompositeStratovolcanoPapua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcBola volcano (also known as Wangore) is a symmetrical stratovolcano located immediately SW of Dakataua caldera on the Willaumez Peninsula. The forested andesitic cone has a 400-m-wide crater with a 100-m-high eastern wall and a low western rim. Three large explosion craters occupy the NE flank. The most recent lava flow issued from the summit crater and flowed to the west. This viscous flow is at least 50 m thick, leaving an irregularity in the profile of the volcano. The summit crater morphology and weak fumarolic activity suggested to Lowder and Carmichael (1970) that the most recent eruption may have been only a few hundred years ago.-5.1410150.03801116Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10765.jpgConical Bola volcano (also known as Wangore) rises to the NW across Stetin Bay. The symmetrical stratovolcano is located immediately SW of Dakatau caldera and forms the high point of the Willaumez Peninsula in central New Britain. The forested cone has a well-preserved, 400-m-wide crater. No historical eruptions have been documented from Bola, but its morphology suggests very recent activity.Photo by Elliot Endo, 2002 (U.S. Geological Survey).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite150.038,-5.141252060Garua HarbourClusterVolcanic fieldPapua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe Garua (Talasea) Harbour volcanic field consists of a group of lava domes and ash cones of possible Holocene age. These volcanic vents ring the harbor on the west and form Garua Island to the east. Much of the volcanic field, including the two lava domes on Garua Island, consists of rhyolitic rocks. Active hot springs ring the shores of Garua Harbour and are best developed on the north and south sides. Large boiling pools, fumaroles, and small geysers are found on the north shore near Pangalu village. Another large group of boiling pools, fumaroles, and mudpots is located near the Talasea Government Station on the south shore of the bay.-5.3000150.0700565Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11120.jpgThe Garua (Talasea) Harbour volcanic field (upper right center) consists of a group of mostly rhyolitic lava domes and ash cones that ring the harbor on the west and form Garua Island (right center) to the east. Active hot springs ring the shores of Garua Harbour, including a large group of boiling pools, fumaroles, and mudpots located near the Talasea Government Station on the south shore of the bay, directly opposite the western tip of Garua Island.NASA Landsat image, 2000 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Rhyolite150.07,-5.3252071LoloCompositeStratovolcanoPapua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcLolo is a nearly symmetrical andesitic stratovolcano, ~3.5 km in diameter, located N of Witori volcano along the N coast of New Britain near Cape Hoskins. It is of very late Pleistocene or Holocene age and overlaps the older Kapberg volcano to the west (Blake and McDougall, 1973). Lava flows are prominent on its flanks, and a well-preserved crater 250 m wide and 60 m deep truncates the summit.-5.4660150.5090796Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10771.jpgLolo rises to the N beyond lava flows producing gas plumes during the 2002 eruption of Pago. Lolo is located N of Pago volcano along the N coast of New Britain, near Cape Hoskins. It is of late Pleistocene or Holocene age and overlaps the older Kapberg volcano on its W side. Lolo contains a 250-m-wide and 60-m-deep crater. Photo by Elliot Endo, 2002 (U.S. Geological Survey).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite150.509,-5.466252070Krummel-Garbuna-WelckerCompositeStratovolcano(es)2008Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe basaltic-to-dacitic Krummel-Garbuna-Welcker Volcanic Complex consists of three volcanic peaks located along a 7-km N-S line above a shield-like foundation at the southern end of the Willaumez Peninsula. The central and lower peaks of the centrally located Garbuna contain a large vegetation-free area that is probably the most extensive thermal field in Papua New Guinea. A prominent lava dome and blocky lava flow in the center of thermal area have resisted destruction by thermal activity, and may be of Holocene age. Krummel volcano at the south end of the group contains a summit crater, breached to the NW. The highest peak of the group is Welcker volcano, which has fed blocky lava flows that extend to the eastern coast of the peninsula. The last major eruption from both it and Garbuna volcanoes took place about 1800 years ago. The first historical eruption took place at Garbuna in October 2005.-5.4160150.0270564Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10772.jpgThe Krummel-Garbuna-Welcker volcanic complex at the S end of the Willaumez Peninsula, across Stetin Bay. The complex consists of three volcanic peaks, Krummel, Garbuna, and Welcker, along a N-S line. The most prominent peaks, Welcker (right) and Krummel (left), form the N and S sides of the complex, respectively. The lower peaks of the centrally located Garbuna contain a large unvegetated area with an extensive thermal field.Photo by Elliot Endo, 2002 (U.S. Geological Survey).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite150.027,-5.416252080WitoriCalderaCaldera2012Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe active Pago cone has grown within the Witori caldera (5.5 x 7.5 km) on the northern coast of central New Britain contains the active Pago cone. The gently sloping outer caldera flanks consist primarily of dacitic pyroclastic-flow and airfall deposits produced during a series of five major explosive eruptions from about 5,600 to 1,200 years ago, many of which may have been associated with caldera formation. Pago cone may have formed less than 350 years ago; it has grown to a height above the caldera rim, and a series of ten dacitic lava flows from it covers much of the caldera floor. The youngest of these was erupted during 2002-2003 from vents extending from the summit nearly to the NW caldera wall. The Buru caldera cuts the SW flank.-5.5745150.5161724Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10612.jpgRecently-emplaced lava flows are seen along a SSE line of vents leading towards the summit of Pago in this 16 September 2002 view. The Pago cone that was constructed within the 5.5 x 7.5 km Witori caldera, which formed around 3,300 years ago. Since its formation a few hundred years ago the cone has grown to a height above the caldera rim. A series of ten lava flows, one of which underlies the area of scorched vegetation left of the 2002 lava flows, cover much of the caldera floor.Photo courtesy of Elliot Endo, 2002 (U. S. Geological Survey Volcanic Disaster Assistance Program).Dacite150.5161,-5.5745252090Sulu RangeCompositeStratovolcano(es)Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe Sulu Range consists of a cluster of partially overlapping small stratovolcanoes and lava domes in north-central New Britain off Bangula Bay. The 610-m Mount Malopu at the southern end forms the high point of the basaltic-to-rhyolitic complex. Kaiamu maar forms a peninsula with a small lake extending about 1 km into Bangula Bay at the NW side of the Sulu Range. The Walo hydrothermal area, consisting of solfataras and mud pots, lies on the coastal plain west of the SW base of the Sulu Range. No historical eruptions are known from the Sulu Range, although some of the cones display a relatively undissected morphology. A vigorous new fumarolic vent opened in 2006, preceded by vegetation die-off, seismicity, and dust-producing landslides.-5.5000150.9420610Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneUnrest / Holocenehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11749.jpgForested volcanoes of the Sulu Range occupy the center of this NASA Landsat image (N is to the top) of west-central New Britain. This group of partially overlapping small volcanoes and lava domes off Bangula Bay reaches heights of about 600 m. Mount Karai, also known as Mount Ruckenberg, lies on the NE side of the geochemically diverse, basaltic-to-rhyolitic complex. Kaiamu maar forms the peninsula extending about 1 km into Bangula Bay at the NW side of the Sulu Range.NASA Landsat 7 image, 1999-2003 (courtesy of NASA Worldwind).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite150.942,-5.5252100HargyCompositeStratovolcano950Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThis little-known volcano is one of several major calderas on the island of New Britain. The 10 x 12 km Hargy caldera, whose floor is 150 m above sea level, contains an inner caldera with a steep west-facing wall. A caldera lake on the SE side drains through a narrow gap in the northern caldera wall. The latest caldera-forming eruption of Hargy volcano took place about 11,000 years ago. The dacitic Galloseulo lava cone rises above and partially overtops the western rim of the caldera. A double crater occupies a larger 700-m-wide crater. Numerous small eruptions have taken place at Galloseulo over the past 7000 years, the last occurring about 1000 years ago.-5.3300151.10001148Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11119.jpgLake Hargy (lower right) lies in the SE corner of the 10 x 12 km wide Hargy caldera. The Lobu River drains the lake through a notch in the northern caldera rim. The post-caldera cone of Galloseulo lies beneath the large cloud bank in the center of the image, about halfway from the lake to the Bismarck Sea. The Toiru River cuts across the bottom of the image. Small eruptions have taken place at Galloseulo over the past 7,000 years, the last occurring about 1,000 years ago.NASA Landsat image, 2000 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Dacite151.1,-5.33252110BamusCompositeStratovolcano1886Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcSymmetrical Bamus volcano, also referred to locally as the South Son, is located SW of Ulawun volcano, known as the Father. The andesitic stratovolcano is covered in rainforest and contains a breached summit crater filled with a lava dome. There is a cone on the southern flank, and a prominent 1.5-km-wide crater with two small adjacent cones halfway up the SE flank. Young pyroclastic-flow deposits are found on the flanks, and residents describe an eruption that took place during the late 19th century.-5.2000151.23002248Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06090.jpgBamus is seen here from the NE beyond the upper slopes of Ulawun. These two volcanoes are the highest in the 1,000-km-long Bismarck volcanic arc. Bamus is covered by rainforest and contains a summit crater filled with a lava dome. A smaller cone is located on the S flank, and a prominent 1.5-km-wide crater with two small adjacent cones is situated halfway up the SE flank.Photo by Wally Johnson (Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite151.23,-5.2252120UlawunCompositeStratovolcano2025Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe symmetrical basaltic-to-andesitic Ulawun stratovolcano is the highest volcano of the Bismarck arc, and one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active. The volcano, also known as the Father, rises above the N coast of the island of New Britain across a low saddle NE of Bamus volcano, the South Son. The upper 1,000 m is unvegetated. A prominent E-W escarpment on the south may be the result of large-scale slumping. Satellitic cones occupy the NW and E flanks. A steep-walled valley cuts the NW side, and a flank lava-flow complex lies to the south of this valley. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century. Twentieth-century eruptions were mildly explosive until 1967, but after 1970 several larger eruptions produced lava flows and basaltic pyroclastic flows, greatly modifying the summit crater.-5.0500151.33002334Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-00462.jpgThe symmetrical Ulawun is one of Papua New Guinea's most frequently active volcanoes. Ulawun and Bamus volcano (upper left) are the two highest volcanoes of the Bismarck Archipelago, and are known as the Father and South Son volcanoes, respectively. The upper 1,000 m of Ulawun is unvegetated. Historical eruptions date back to the beginning of the 18th century.Photo by Wally Johnson (Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources).Basalt / Picro-Basalt151.33,-5.05252130LolobauCalderaCaldera1912Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcLolobau volcano has grown over the W rim of a 6-km-wide caldera which formed about 12,000 years ago. The 8 x 13 km island is located just off the coast of eastern New Britain. A small lake occupies the SW part of the caldera. A small lava dome (Hulu) caps Mount Lolobau, which has a 0.8 x 1.1 km summit crater breached to the NE. Flank cones are found along the coast of the largely submerged volcano. Several vents within the caldera, on the E flank of the main edifice, have been active during historical time. The latest eruptions took place during the early 20th century.-4.9156151.1617878Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01653.jpgLolobau is located on the western rim of a 6-km-wide caldera, which formed about 12,000 years ago on the 8 x 13 km Lolobau Island. It is seen here from the south beyond the lower flanks of Ulawun. The smaller peak to the right is located along the eastern caldera rim.Photo by Robert Citron, 1970 (Smithsonian Institution; courtesy of William Melson)Basalt / Picro-Basalt151.1617,-4.9156252140RabaulCalderaCaldera2014Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe low-lying Rabaul caldera on the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula at the NE end of New Britain forms a broad sheltered harbor utilized by what was the island's largest city prior to a major eruption in 1994. The outer flanks of the asymmetrical shield volcano are formed by thick pyroclastic-flow deposits. The 8 x 14 km caldera is widely breached on the east, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay and was formed about 1,400 years ago. An earlier caldera-forming eruption about 7,100 years ago is thought to have originated from Tavui caldera, offshore to the north. Three small stratovolcanoes lie outside the N and NE caldera rims. Post-caldera eruptions built basaltic-to-dacitic pyroclastic cones on the caldera floor near the NE and W caldera walls. Several of these, including Vulcan cone, which was formed during a large eruption in 1878, have produced major explosive activity during historical time. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 occurred simultaneously from Vulcan and Tavurvur volcanoes and forced the temporary abandonment of Rabaul city.-4.2459152.1937688Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-00468.jpgThe city of Rabaul is seen here in 1969. The low-lying Rabaul caldera forms a sheltered harbor once utilized by New Britain's largest city. A powerful explosive eruption in 1994 forced its evacuation. The 8 x 14 km caldera opens on the W, where its floor is flooded by Blanche Bay. Two major Holocene caldera-forming eruptions took place as recently as 3,500 and 1,400 years ago. Several post-caldera cones, including Tavurvur to the far right, have recorded eruptions.Photo by Wally Johnson, 1969 (Australia Bureau of Mineral Resources).Dacite152.1937,-4.2459252150TavuiCalderaCaldera-4946Papua New GuineaSouthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsBismarck Volcanic ArcThe mostly submarine Tavui caldera lies off the NE tip of the Gazelle Peninsula north of Rabaul caldera. The caldera was first discovered during a bathymetric cruise in 1985. The SW wall of the roughly 10 x 12 km caldera cuts the NE end of the peninsula and extends from Tavui Point at the northern tip of the peninsula SE to Laweo Point. The 7,100-year-old Raluan Ignimbrite, initially thought to have originated from Rabaul, is now thought to have been produced by an eruption of Tavui. A basaltic scoria layer immediately underlies the rhyolitic ignimbrite, and the introduction of basaltic magma was considered to have triggered the rhyolitic eruption. The lack of a major low-velocity region detectable beneath the caldera during a seismic tomography survey suggests that it is not currently active.-4.1089152.2134200Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11045.jpgThe mostly submarine Tavui caldera at the NE end of New Britain lies off the tip of the Gazelle Peninsula. The SW wall of the roughly 10 x 12 km wide caldera, its margins crudely shown on this image, cuts the NE tip of the peninsula. Tavui caldera, much less known than Rabaul caldera to the S, was first discovered during a bathymetric cruise in 1985. Light ash-covered areas from the 1994 Rabaul eruption can be seen at the western and NE margins of Rabaul caldera in this 1999 NASA Space Shuttle image.NASA Space Shuttle image STS103-733-52, 1999 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).Rhyolite152.2134,-4.1089264220IlibolengCompositeStratovolcano1993IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsSunda Volcanic ArcIliboleng stratovolcano was constructed at the SE end of Adonara Island across a narrow strait from Lomblen Island. The volcano is capped by multiple, partially overlapping summit craters. Lava flows modify its profile, and a cone low on the SE flank, Balile, has also produced lava flows. Historical eruptions, first recorded in 1885, have consisted of moderate explosive activity, with lava flows accompanying only the 1888 eruption.-8.3420123.25801659Subduction zone / Crustal thickness unknownHoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01231.jpgIliboleng volcano at the SE end of Adonara Island, east of Flores Island, is a symmetrical stratovolcano with many partially overlapping summit craters. Iliboleng is seen here from Bukit Tomu, north of the volcano. Explosive eruptions from the summit crater have been recorded since 1885. Only one historical eruption, in 1888, produced a lava flow.Photo by Willem Rohi, 1994 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Basalt / Picro-Basalt123.258,-8.342264230LewotolokCompositeStratovolcano2026IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsSunda Volcanic ArcThe Lewotolok (or Lewotolo) stratovolcano occupies the eastern end of an elongated peninsula extending north into the Flores Sea, connected to Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island by a narrow isthmus. It is symmetrical when viewed from the north and east. A small cone with a 130-m-wide crater constructed at the SE side of a larger crater forms the volcano's high point. Many lava flows have reached the coastline. Eruptions recorded since 1660 have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater.-8.2740123.50801431Subduction zone / Crustal thickness unknownHoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-08323.jpgLewotolo, seen here from the Flores Sea NW of the volcano, anchors the eastern end of the northern peninsula that is connected to Lomblen Island by a narrow isthmus. Many lava flows have reached the coastline of the peninsula. Historical eruptions from Lewotolo have been recorded since 1660 and have consisted of explosive activity from the summit crater. Photo by Rob McCaffrey, 1982 (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite123.508,-8.274264240IlilabalekanCompositeStratovolcanoIndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsSunda Volcanic ArcIlilabalekan volcano is situated on a prominent peninsula in SW Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island. A satellitic cone was constructed on the SE flank of the steep-sided volcano. Four craters, one of which contains a lava dome and two small explosion pits, occur at the summit of Mount Labalekan. No historical eruptions are known from the volcano, although fumaroles are found near its summit. -8.5500123.38001018Subduction zone / Crustal thickness unknownHoloceneUnrest / Holocenehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11078.jpgFour volcanoes are seen in this NASA International Space Station image (with north to the upper left) of Solor (lower left), Adonara (upper left), and Lembata (right) Islands. Ililabalekan volcano on SW Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island is the only one of these without historical eruptions, although fumaroles are found near its summit. A satellitic cone was constructed on the SE flank of the steep-sided volcano, and four craters, one of which contains a lava dome and two small explosion pits, occur at the summit of Mount Labalekan.NASA International Space Station image ISS009-E-7480, 2004 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).Basalt / Picro-Basalt123.38,-8.55264250IliwerungCompositeComplex2021IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsSunda Volcanic ArcConstructed on the southern rim of the Lerek caldera, Iliwerung forms a prominent south-facing peninsula on Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island. Craters and lava domes have formed along N-S and NW-SE lines on the complex volcano; activity has been observed at vents from the summit to the submarine SE flank. The summit lava dome was formed during an eruption in 1870. In 1948 the Iligripe lava dome grew on the E flank at 120 m elevation. Beginning in 1973-74, when three ephemeral islands were formed, submarine eruptions began on the lower ESE flank at a vent named Hobal; several other eruptions have since taken place at this vent.-8.5320123.5730583Subduction zone / Crustal thickness unknownHoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10071.jpgA lava dome, formed during the first historical eruption of Iliwerung volcano in 1870, occupies the summit crater of the volcano, seen here in 1979 from the rim of Ado Wajung crater. Iliwerung forms one of the south-facing peninsulas on Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island, and has a series of lava domes and craters along N-S and NW-SE lines. Many of these vents, including submarine vents offshore, have erupted in historical time.Photo by Volcanological Survey of Indonesia.Basalt / Picro-Basalt123.573,-8.532264260Tara, BatuCompositeStratovolcano2015IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsSunda Volcanic ArcThe small isolated island of Batu Tara is located in the Flores Sea ~50 km N of Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island and the main volcanic arc. A scarp on the eastern side reaches the sea, and vegetation covers the other flanks to within 50 m of the summit. This volcano is noted for its potassic leucite-bearing basanitic and tephritic rocks. The first recorded eruption, during 1847-52, produced explosions and a lava flow.-7.7910123.5850633Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06345.jpgBatu Tara, seen here from the SE, is a small 3-km-wide island that is the summit of a large stratovolcano that rises from the Flores Sea about 50 km north of Lembata (formerly Lomblen) Island. The summit of the volcano is cut by a scarp on the eastern side (right) that is similar to the Sciara del Fuoco on Italy's Stromboli Island. Only a single historical eruption, during the mid-19th century, is known from Batu Tara.Photo by O. Rukman, 1981 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite123.585,-7.791264270SirungCompositeComplex2021IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsSunda Volcanic ArcSirung is located at the NE end of a volcanic massif with multiple centers that extends 14 km NE from the southern end of Pantar Island. The volcano is truncated by a 2-km-wide caldera whose floor often contains one or more small lakes. Much of the volcano is constructed of basaltic lava flows, and the Gunung Sirung lava dome forms the high point on the caldera's western rim. A number of phreatic eruptions occurred from vents within the caldera during the 20th century. Forested Gunung Topaki, the high point of the volcanic chain, has a small summit crater and lies ~3.5 km SW of the active crater area.-8.4972124.13061347Subduction zone / Crustal thickness unknownHoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01244.jpgThe steaming summit caldera of Gunung Sirung volcano is seen here from the eastern caldera rim. Sirung volcano lies at the NE end of a 14-km-long line of volcanic centers forming a peninsula at the southern end of Pantar Island. A lava dome (center) at the western side of the caldera forms the summit of Gunung Sirung volcano; other cones along the chain to the SE increase in height. The 2-km-wide summit caldera has been the source of small phreatic eruptions during the 20th century.Photo by L.D. Reksowirogo, 1972 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite124.1306,-8.4972265040WurlaliCompositeStratovolcano1892IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsInner Banda Volcanic ArcThe andesitic Wurlali stratovolcano was constructed at the northern end of a 5-km-wide caldera on the eastern side of Damar Island in the Banda Sea. Fumarolic activity occurs in the two summit craters and on the SE flanks, producing exploitable sulfur deposits. An explosive eruption was observed in 1892 CE.-7.1250128.6750868Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01247.jpgWurlali volcano (also referred to as Damar), seen here from Cape Wilhelmus on the north, is part of Indonesia’s Banda Island chain. The stratovolcano was formed in the northern part of a 5-km-wide caldera. During historical time only a single explosive eruption occurred in 1892 from the summit crater.Photo by K. Sumaryano, 1994 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite128.675,-7.125265050TeonCompositeStratovolcano1904IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsInner Banda Volcanic ArcTeon, an elongated andesitic island volcano in the southwestern Banda arc, is also known as Serawerna, the name of its active crater. Another smaller crater is located to the NNE of Serawerna. Explosive eruptions have been recorded since the 17th century; the largest produced pyroclastic flows and surges in 1660 CE that caused damage and fatalities.-6.9760129.1440728Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06348.jpgTeon Island, seen here from the south, is a roughly 15-km-wide island in the western Banda Sea. The 655-m-high forested summit rises 3700 m above the sea floor. Explosive eruptions, the most severe of which was in 1660, have been recorded since the 17th century from Teon (also known as Serawerna).Photo by Ruska Hadian, 1975 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite129.144,-6.976265060NilaCompositeStratovolcano1968IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsInner Banda Volcanic ArcThe 5 x 6 km Nila Island in the Banda Sea is comprised of a low-rimmed caldera breached at sea level on the south and east, with a youthful forested cone. Phreatic eruptions from the dominantly andesitic volcano, also known as Laworkawra, have occurred from summit vents and flank fissures. A 1932 eruption from a fissure that extended from the summit to the SE coast produced heavy ashfall that forced abandonment of Rumadai village.-6.7300129.5000781Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06432.jpgA fumarole plume (right-center) rises above the steep SE slopes of Nila volcano, also known as Laworkawra or Lawarkawra. A remnant of the rim of a 5-km-wide caldera forms the forested slope at the left. The 781-m-high summit above it is a post-caldera cone that fills much of the caldera and extends to the sea at the right. Phreatic eruptions from Gunung Nila have occurred from summit vents and flank fissures during historical time. Photo by Ruska Hadian, 1975 (published in Kusumadinata 1979, "Data Dasar Gunungapi Indonesia").Andesite / Basaltic Andesite129.5,-6.73265070SeruaCompositeStratovolcano1921IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsInner Banda Volcanic ArcThe 2 x 4 km island of Serua is the emergent summit of a volcano rising 3,600 m above the Banda Sea floor. A truncated central cone surrounded by an old crater wall is capped by the Gunung Wuarlapna lava dome. This andesitic volcano, also known as Legatala, lies near the center of the Banda arc and has had many eruptions recorded since the 17th century.-6.3120130.0170608Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11979.jpgThe small, 2 x 4 km island of Serua, seen here from the north, is elongated in a NE-SW direction. An unvegetated lava dome forms the summit of the volcano, which rises 3600 m above the Banda Sea floor. The 641-m-high truncated central cone is surrounded by an old somma wall. Serua, also known as Legatala, is one of the most active of the Banda Sea volcanoes, with many eruptions recorded since the 17th century. Copyrighted photo by Michael Thirnbeck, 2007.Andesite / Basaltic Andesite130.017,-6.312265080ManukCompositeStratovolcanoIndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsInner Banda Volcanic ArcThe small steep-sided island of Manuk is the easternmost volcano in the Banda volcanic arc. The truncated andesitic cone rises 3,000 m from the sea floor. No confirmed observed eruptions are known from this uninhabited island, although there was an uncertain report that a member of the 1874 Challenger Expedition saw "smoke" rising from the crater. Highly altered fumarolic areas are located within the crater and on its western rim, and were once the source of sulfur extraction by Chinese traders.-5.5430130.3030257Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneUnrest / Holocenehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12603.jpgThe small Manuk island is shown in this 10 September 2019 Sentinel-2 satellite image and is located in the eastern Banda volcanic arc. While the island is small, the edifice rises about 3 km from the sea floor. There appear to be several nested craters and/or flank collapse scarps opening towards the S. Geothermal activity continues on the island.Satellite image courtesy of Copernicus Sentinel Data, 2019.Andesite / Basaltic Andesite130.303,-5.543265090Banda ApiCompositeCaldera1988IndonesiaSunda-Banda Volcanic RegionsInner Banda Volcanic ArcThe 3-km-wide island of Banda Api is the northern-most volcano in the Banda arc and has a long period of recorded observation because of its key location in the Portuguese and Dutch spice trade. The basaltic-to-rhyodacitic volcano is located in the SW corner of a mostly submerged 7 km caldera. At least two episodes of caldera formation are thought to have occurred, with the arcuate islands of Lonthor and Neira considered to be pre-caldera remnants. A conical peak rises to about 600 m at the center of the island. Eruptions have been recorded since 1586 CE, mostly consisting of Strombolian eruptions from the summit crater, but larger explosive eruptions have occurred and occasional lava flows have reached the coast.-4.5230129.8810596Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-00831.jpgThe 640-m-high symmetrical volcano of Banda Api, the most active of a chain of volcanoes in Indonesia's Banda Sea, forms a small 3-km-wide island within a largely submerged 7-km-wide caldera. This May 19, 1988, view from the south shows vegetation damage from the 1988 eruption and the southern half of a prominent arcuate fissure that extended from the south coast through the summit to 200 m above the north coast. The still-steaming narrow black lava flow entering the sea to the left of center is one of four erupted in 1988.Photo by Tom Casadevall, 1988 (U.S. Geological Survey).Dacite129.881,-4.523266010ColoCompositeStratovolcano1983IndonesiaWestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsSangihe Volcanic ArcColo volcano forms the isolated small island of Una Una in the middle of the Gulf of Tomini in northern Sulawesi. The broad, low volcano contains a 2-km-wide caldera with a small central cone. Three eruptions have been recorded since the late 1800's, but two of those caused widespread damage over the island. The last eruption, in 1983, produced pyroclastic flows that swept over most of the island shortly after all residents had been evacuated.-0.1620121.6010404Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06498.jpgAsh mantles the summit of Colo volcano after a powerful explosive eruption in 1983. The volcano forms the isolated island of Una-Una in the middle of the Gulf of Tomini in northern Sulawesi. The broad, low volcano is truncated by a 2-km-wide caldera that contains a small central cone. Only three eruptions have been recorded in historical time. The last eruption, in 1983, produced pyroclastic flows that swept over most of the island shortly after all residents had been evacuated. Photo by M.S. Santoso, 1983 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Trachyandesite / Basaltic Trachyandesite121.601,-0.162266020AmbangCompositeComplex2005IndonesiaWestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsSangihe Volcanic ArcThe compound Ambang volcano is the westernmost of the active volcanoes on the northern arm of Sulawesi. The stratovolcano rises 750 m above lake Danau. Several craters up to 400 m in diameter and five solfatara fields are located at the summit.0.7500124.42001795Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-04534.jpgAmbang volcano, towering above farmlands below its western flank, is a large stratovolcano at the western end of a volcanic chain stretching across the northern arm of the island of Sulawesi. The only recorded historical eruption took place during the 1840's. Five solfatara fields occur at the summit of Gunung Ambang.Anonymous, 1996.Andesite / Basaltic Andesite124.42,0.75266030SoputanCompositeStratovolcano2020IndonesiaWestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsSangihe Volcanic ArcThe Soputan stratovolcano on the southern rim of the Quaternary Tondano caldera on the northern arm of Sulawesi Island is one of Sulawesi's most active volcanoes. The youthful, largely unvegetated volcano is the only active cone in the Sempu-Soputan volcanic complex, which includes the Soputan caldera, Rindengan, and Manimporok (3.5 km ESE). Kawah Masem maar was formed in the W part of the caldera and contains a crater lake; sulfur has been extracted from fumarolic areas in the maar since 1938. Recent eruptions have originated at both the summit crater and Aeseput, a prominent NE-flank vent that formed in 1906 and was the source of intermittent major lava flows until 1924.1.1120124.73701785Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10069.jpgThe small Soputan stratovolcano, seen here from the west, was constructed on the southern rim of the Quaternary Tondano caldera in northern Sulawesi Island. The youthful, largely unvegetated Soputan volcano is one of Sulawesi's most active volcanoes. During historical time the locus of eruptions has included both the summit crater and Aeseput, a prominent NE flank vent that formed in 1906 and was the source of intermittent major lava flows until 1924. Photo by Agus Solihin (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite124.737,1.112266100Lokon-EmpungCompositeStratovolcano(es)2015IndonesiaWestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsSangihe Volcanic ArcThe Lokong-Empung volcanic complex, rising above the plain of Tondano in North Sulawesi, includes four peaks and an active crater. Lokon, the highest peak, has a flat craterless top. The morphologically younger Empung cone 2 km NE has a 400-m-wide, 150-m-deep crater that erupted last in the 18th century. A ridge extending 3 km WNW from Lokon includes the Tatawiran and Tetempangan peaks. All eruptions since 1829 have originated from Tompaluan, a 150 x 250 m crater in the saddle between Lokon and Empung. These eruptions have primarily produced small-to-moderate ash plumes that sometimes damaged croplands and houses, but lava-dome growth and pyroclastic flows have also occurred.1.3644124.79921580Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10070.jpgThe twin volcanoes Lokon and Empung rise above the towns of Kakaskasen and Kinilow as viewed from the flanks of Mahawu volcano. The more prominent Lokon volcano (left), is higher than Empung volcano (right) and lacks a summit crater. Most historical eruptions from Lokon-Empung, one of the most active volcanoes on Sulawesi Island, have originated from Tompaluan crater, which can be seen surrounded by fresh ash deposits in the saddle between the two peaks. Gunung Tetawiran rises beyond the saddle.Photo by Agus Solihin, 1998 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Basalt / Picro-Basalt124.7992,1.3644266110MahawuCompositeStratovolcano1977IndonesiaWestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsSangihe Volcanic ArcThe elongated Mahawu volcano immediately east of Lokon-Empung volcano is the northernmost of a series of young volcanoes along a SSW-NNE line near the margin of the Quaternary Tondano caldera. Mahawu is capped by a 180-m-wide, 140-m-deep crater that sometimes contains a small crater lake, and has two pyroclastic cones on its N flank. Historical activity has been restricted to occasional small explosive eruptions recorded since 1789. In 1994 fumaroles, mudpots, and small geysers were observed along the shores of a greenish-colored crater lake.1.3520124.86501299Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01270.jpgMahawu volcano, located immediately to the east of Lokon-Empung volcano, contains a 450-m-wide, 140-m-deep summit crater. Active fumaroles are seen in this 1991 photo of the north end of the crater, which sometimes contains a crater lake. Small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded at 1331-m-high Mahawu volcano since the 18th century.Photo by Ruska Hadian, 1991 (Volcanological Survey of Indonesia).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite124.865,1.352266120KlabatCompositeStratovolcanoIndonesiaWestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsSangihe Volcanic ArcKlabat is a symmetrical stratovolcano near the tip of the northern arm of Sulawesi Island, east of the city of Manado. There is a shallow lake in the 170 x 250 m summit crater. No verified reported eruptions are known, but there has been fumarolic activity. A reported eruption in 1683 CE was probably from Tangkoko, 19 km NE.1.4540125.03101968Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneUnrest / Holocenehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11200.jpgKlabat, seen here from the city of Manado to its west, is an isolated symmetrical stratovolcano that rises to 1995 m near the eastern tip of the northern arm of Sulawesi. It has a shallow lake in its 170 x 250 m summit crater. No verified historical eruptions have occurred from this volcano, the highest in Sulawesi. Photo by Thomas Dobat, 1983.Andesite / Basaltic Andesite125.031,1.454210010West Eifel Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic field-8300GermanyEuropean Volcanic RegionsCentral European Volcanic ProvinceThe West Eifel Volcanic Field of western Germany, SW of the city of Bonn, is a dominantly Pleistocene group of 240 scoria cones, maars, and small stratovolcanoes covering an area of about 600 km2. The smaller, but better known, East Eifel Volcanic Field is about 40 km NE. Individual vents spread across a broad NW-SE-trending area extending about 50 km from the towns of Ormont on the NW to Bad Bertrich on the SE. Eruptions originated from a mantle plume through Devonian sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Two-thirds of the volcanic centers in the field are scoria cones; lava flows have been produced from about half of them. About 30% of the centers are maars or tuff rings, many of which are occupied by lakes. About 230 eruptions have occurred during the past 730,000 years. The latest eruptions formed the Ulmener, Pulvermaar, and Strohn maars around the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene.50.17006.8500600Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01501.jpgThe lake-filled Weinfelder maar is one of about 80 maars of the West Eifel Volcanic Field in Germany, west of the Rhine River. The roughly 500-m-wide crater was formed during the late Pleistocene by explosions through non-volcanic bedrock. About 230 eruptions during the past 730,000 years formed a 600 km2 area that includes maars, scoria cones, and small stratovolcanoes.Photo by Richard Waitt, 1990 (U.S. Geological Survey).Foidite6.85,50.17210020Chaine des PuysClusterLava dome(s)-4040FranceEuropean Volcanic RegionsWestern European Volcanic ProvinceThe Chaîne des Puys, prominent in the history of volcanology, form a N-S-trending chain of basaltic and trachytic cinder cones, basaltic maars, and trachytic lava domes in France's Massif Central that has been active into the Holocene. Construction of the present-day Chaîne des Puys began about 70,000 years before present (BP), and was largely completed by the beginning of the Holocene. Holocene eruptions constructed lava domes such as the Puy de Dôme, whose growth was accompanied by pyroclastic flows, cinder cones that fed lengthy lava flows, and maars. The latest well-documented activity took place about 6,000 BP near Besse-en-Chandesse and included the powerful explosions that formed the Lac Pavin maar. The dating of younger tephras has not yet been confirmed, and reports of eruptions as late as 1,000 BP have been discredited.45.78602.98101464Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-08802.jpgThe central part of the Chaîne des Puys volcanic chain in the Auvergne region of France from the SW. Puy de Dôme is the rounded peak in the center, Puy de Côme is at the left, and Puy de Laschamp is the scoria cone at the right. The N-S-trending chain of basaltic and trachytic cones, basaltic maars, and trachytic lava domes in France's Massif Central has been active into the Holocene. The latest well-documented activity took place about 6,000 years ago.Photo by Ichio Moriya (Kanazawa University).Basalt / Picro-Basalt2.981,45.786210030Olot Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic fieldSpainEuropean Volcanic RegionsWestern European Volcanic ProvinceThe Olot volcanic field (also known as the Garrotxa volcanic field) occupies the NE corner of Spain south of the Pyrenees Mountains about 90 km NNE of Barcelona. The field consists of a large number of Strombolian pyroclastic cones and associated alkali basaltic lava flows, and is part of the NE Volcanic Province, which includes the Ampurdán and Selva areas to the SE. The pyroclastic cones are preferentially located at the intersection of E-W and NW-SE faults that cut sedimentary and metamorphic basement rocks. The latest dated eruption occurred during the early Holocene, and stratigraphic evidence suggests that more recent eruptions have occurred.42.17002.5300893Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11991.jpgThe forested Volcà Montolivet scoria cone rises above the city of Olot, as seen from the Volcà Montsacopa scoria cone to the NE. The cone is part of a large volcanic field named after the city and occupies the NE corner of Spain, south of the Pyrenees Mountains and about 90 km NNE of Barcelona. The latest dated eruption at Olot (also known as the Garrotxa volcanic field) occurred during the early Holocene and stratigraphic evidence suggests that more recent eruptions have occurred.Photo by Puigalder (Wikimedia Commons).Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite2.53,42.17210040Calatrava Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic field-3600SpainEuropean Volcanic RegionsWestern European Volcanic ProvinceThe Calatrava volcanic field lies in central Spain near Ciudad Real. The more than 300 basaltic-to-foiditic pyroclastic cones, maars, and lava domes cover an area of more than 5,000 km2. The field is mostly of Pliocene or late-Pleistocene age, although late-stage phreatomagmatic activity at Columba volcano was dated at the mid-Holocene. It lies in a continental rift setting and contains several lake-filled maars. Fumarolic activity was recorded in the Sierra de Valenzuela area during the 16th-18th centuries.38.8700-4.02001117Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11854.jpgColumba volcano, the youngest known vent of the dominantly Pliocene Calatrava Volcanic Field, rises above the Jabalón reservoir (foreground). The massive volcanic field covers an area of over 5,000 km2 and contains more than 300 cones, maars, and lava domes. This field is mostly of Pliocene or late-Pleistocene age, although late-stage phreatomagmatic activity at Columba volcano was dated at the mid-Holocene. Fumarolic activity was recorded in the Sierra de Valenzuela area during the 16th-18th centuries.Photo by Rafael Becerra Ramírez, 2006 (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha).Basalt / Picro-Basalt-4.02,38.87211004Colli AlbaniCalderaCalderaItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsItalian Peninsula Volcanic ProvincesThe Colli Albani (Alban Hills) complex immediately SE of Rome contains a large Pleistocene stratovolcano with a 10 x 12 km caldera formed during an eruptive period with six major explosions that produced at least 280 km3 of ejecta between about 560,000 and 350,000 years ago. Subsequent eruptions occurred from a new 5-km-wide central cone and from many phreatomagmatic craters and cones within the Artemisio-Tuscolana caldera and on its outer flanks. The post-caldera eruptions have buried the western side of the caldera rim. The largest of the post-caldera craters is Lake Albano, a 2.5 x 4 km compound maar constructed at the WSW margin of the caldera in multiple stages dating back to about 69,000 years ago. The age of the most recent eruptions from the Albano maar is not known precisely; variable dates range from about 36,000 years ago to perhaps the Holocene, when several possibly non-volcanic lake overflow lahars occurred. Reported eruptions during the Roman period are uncertain, but subsequent seismic swarms lasting up to two years have been recorded.41.756912.7251949Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-08819.jpgThe lake-filled Albano maar is part of the Alban Hills (Monte Albano) complex immediately SE of Rome. The Cavo scoria cone rises beyond the far rim. The Monte Albano complex contains a large Pleistocene stratovolcano with a 10-km-wide caldera. Subsequent eruptions occurred from a 5-km-wide central cone as well as craters and cones within the caldera and on its outer flanks. The youngest known magmatic eruption occurred during the late-Pleistocene.Photo by Ichio Moriya (Kanazawa University).Foidite12.7251,41.7569211010Campi FlegreiCalderaCaldera1538ItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsItalian Peninsula Volcanic ProvincesCampi Flegrei is a 13-km-wide caldera that encompasses part of Naples and extends to the south beneath the Gulf of Pozzuoli. Episodes of significant uplift and subsidence within the dominantly trachytic caldera have occurred since Roman times. The earliest known eruptive products are dated 47,000 years BP. The caldera formed following two large explosive eruptions, the massive Campanian ignimbrite about 36,000 BP, and the over 40 km3 Neapolitan Yellow Tuff (NYT) about 15,000 BP. Following eruption of the NYT a large number of eruptions originated from widely scattered subaerial and submarine vents. Most activity occurred during three intervals: 15,000-9,500, 8,600-8,200, and 4,800-3,800 BP. The latest eruptions were in 1158 CE at Solfatara and in 1538 CE when the Monte Nuovo cinder cone was built.40.827014.1390458Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01511.jpgA Landsat satellite image shows the Campi Flegrei caldera north of the Bay of Naples. The 13-km-wide caldera, immediately west of the city of Naples (upper right), was created following massive explosive eruptions about 34,000 and 12,000 years ago. Subsequent eruptions formed numerous craters and cones within the caldera and along its margins. The most recent eruption created the Monte Nuovo tuff cone in 1538.NASA Landsat image, 1984.Trachyte / Trachydacite14.139,40.827211020VesuviusCompositeStratovolcano1944ItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsItalian Peninsula Volcanic ProvincesOne of the world's most noted volcanoes, Vesuvius (Vesuvio) forms a dramatic backdrop to the Bay of Naples. The active cone was constructed within a large caldera of the older Monte Somma edifice, thought to have formed incrementally beginning about 17,000 years ago. The Monte Somma caldera wall has channeled lava flows and pyroclastic flows primarily to the south and west. Eight major explosive eruptions have taken place in the last 17,000 years, often accompanied by large pyroclastic flows and surges, such as during the 79 CE Pompeii eruption. Intermittent eruptions since 79 CE were followed by a period of frequent long-term explosive and effusive eruptions between 1631 and 1944. The large 1631 eruption produced pyroclastic flows that reached as far as the coast and caused great destruction. Many towns are located on the flanks, and several million people live within areas that could be affected by eruptions.40.821014.42601281Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01531.jpgMount Vesuvius behind city of Naples. The modern cone of Vesuvius is flanked on the left by Monte Somma, the rim of a caldera that formed about 17,000 years ago. Eight major explosive eruptions have occurred since, including the 79 CE eruption that destroyed Pompeii and other towns. A period of frequent, long-duration eruptions began in 1631 and the latest eruption of Vesuvius was in 1944.Photo by Dan Dzurisin, 1983 (U.S. Geological Survey).Phono-tephrite / Tephri-phonolite14.426,40.821211031PalinuroCompositeCompound-8040ItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsAeolian Volcanic ArcPalinuro seamount in the Tyrrhenian Sea north of the Eolian Islands rises nearly 3,000 m to within 70 m of the surface and has an open summit crater. A marine ash layer (PL-1) radiocarbon dated (calibrated) at 9,990 +/- 90 years ago is chemically and stratigraphically similar to two ash layers on land in southern Italy; it was tentatively correlated to Palinuro seamount activity (Siani et al., 2004).39.480014.8300-70Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption DatedPhonolite14.83,39.48211030IschiaCompositeComplex1302ItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsItalian Peninsula Volcanic ProvincesThe Ischia volcanic complex forms a rectangular, 6 x 9 km island immediately SW of the Campi Flegrei area at the western side of the Bay of Naples. The eruption of the trachytic Green Tuff ignimbrite about 56,000 years ago was followed by caldera formation. The high point on the island, Monte Epomeo, is a volcanic horst composed of the Green Tuff ignimbrite deposit that was submerged after its eruption and then uplifted. Volcanism on the island has been significantly affected by tectonism that formed a series of horsts and grabens; at least 800 m of uplift has formed as a result of resurgent doming during past 33,000 years. Many small monogenetic volcanoes were formed around the uplifted block. Volcanism during the Holocene produced a series of pumiceous tephras, tuff rings, lava domes, and lava flows, and a major collapse of Mount Epomeo produced a large submarine debris-avalanche deposit. The latest eruption, in 1302 CE, produced a spatter cone and the Arso lava flow, which reached the NE coast.40.730013.8970789Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10474.jpgThe Ischia volcanic complex forms a 6 x 9 km island W of the Bay of Naples seen in this International Space Station image. Tectonism has influenced volcanic activity at Ischia, and its high point (the dark-colored area in the center) is a horst (raised fault block) composed of ignimbrite deposits associated with Pleistocene caldera formation. During the Holocene, a series of pumiceous tephras, tuff rings, lava domes, and lava flows were erupted.NASA International Space Station image ISS002-E-8200, 2001 (http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/).Trachyte / Trachydacite13.897,40.73211041PanareaCompositeStratovolcanoItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsAeolian Volcanic ArcThe mostly submerged Panarea volcanic complex lies about midway between Stromboli and Lipari in the eastern part of the Aeolian Islands. Panarea, the smallest island in the Aeolian Archipelago, lies on the western side of a shallow platform whose shelf margin is at about 130 m depth. A series of small islands breach the surface to form the Central Reefs, the rim of a crater 2 km E of Panarea, whose shallow submerged floor contains Roman ruins. The submerged Secca dei Pesci lava dome lies at the SE end of the platform, and the rhyolitic Basiluzzo lava dome rises 165 m above the surface at the NE end, along a ridge trending towards Stromboli volcano. The complex was constructed in two main stages: an initial effusive activity phase that produced lava domes, and an explosive stage. The youngest subaerial airfall-tephra deposits are dated to about 20,000 years ago; a date of less than 10,000 BP on a lava flow is uncertain. Vigorous hydrothermal activity has continued at fumarolic fields at several locations on the submerged platform; submarine hydrothermal explosions have been observed.38.638015.0640399Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10391.jpgPanarea Island is the largest subaerial component of a mostly submarine volcanic complex between Lipari and Stromboli volcanoes. The last eruptions took place during the early Holocene, but hydrothermal activity has continued at fumarolic fields at several locations on the submerged platform. The water discoloration in the foreground, 2 km E of Panarea Island, near the small islands took place during November 2002.Photo courtesy of Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Sezione di Catania (INGV), 2002.Andesite / Basaltic Andesite15.064,38.638211042LipariCompositeStratovolcano(es)1230ItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsAeolian Volcanic ArcLipari, the largest of the Aeolian Islands, is located immediately north of Vulcano Island. The irregular-shaped island contains numerous small stratovolcanoes, craters, and lava domes on a basement of submarine volcanic deposits. Lipari was formed in three major eruptive cycles, the first of which took place from about 223 to 188 thousand years ago (ka) from N-S-trending fissures on the western side of the island. The second eruptive period from about 102 to 53 ka included the formation of the Monte San Angelo and Costa d'Agosto stratovolcanoes in the center of the island. The third eruptive cycle (40 ka to the present) included the Monte Guardia sequence, erupted at the southern tip of the island between about 22,600 and 16,800 years ago, and Holocene rhyolitic pyroclastic deposits and obsidian lava flows at the NE end of the island. The latest eruption, at Monte Pilato on the NE tip of the island, formed the Rocche Rosse and Forgia Vecchia obsidian lava flows, which have been dated variously from about 500 to 1230 CE. Objects made of obsidian from Lipari have been found throughout southern Italy.38.490014.9330590Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-01535.jpgLipari, the largest of Italy's Aeolian Islands, was constructed during four eruptive cycles beginning around 100,000 years ago. Monte Giardina lava dome on the S side of the island, seen here from the NE with Lipari city in the foreground, formed during about 23,000 to 17,000 years ago. Holocene eruptions formed the Pomiciazzo lava dome and the Rocche Rosse and Forgia Vecchia obsidian flows.Photo by Richard Waitt, 1985 (U.S. Geological Survey).Rhyolite14.933,38.49211040StromboliCompositeStratovolcano2026ItalyEuropean Volcanic RegionsAeolian Volcanic ArcSpectacular incandescent nighttime explosions at Stromboli have long attracted visitors to the "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean" in the NE Aeolian Islands. This volcano has lent its name to the frequent mild explosive activity that has characterized its eruptions throughout much of historical time. The small island is the emergent summit of a volcano that grew in two main eruptive cycles, the last of which formed the western portion of the island. The Neostromboli eruptive period took place between about 13,000 and 5,000 years ago. The active summit vents are located at the head of the Sciara del Fuoco, a prominent scarp that formed about 5,000 years ago due to a series of slope failures which extends to below sea level. The modern volcano has been constructed within this scarp, which funnels pyroclastic ejecta and lava flows to the NW. Essentially continuous mild Strombolian explosions, sometimes accompanied by lava flows, have been recorded for more than a millennium.38.789015.2130924Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-09131.jpgThis view of Stromboli shows the NE tip of the island with the Rina Grande valley at the left. The principal historically active vent of Stromboli lies at the head of the Sciarra del Fuoco, a prominent scarp on the opposite side of the island. Stromboli, the NE-most of the Aeolian Islands, has produced frequent mild explosions throughout much of historical time.Photo by Guiseppina Kysar, 1999 (Smithsonian Institution).Trachyandesite / Basaltic Trachyandesite15.213,38.789223001Fort Portal Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic field-2120UgandaEastern Africa Volcanic RegionsAlbertine Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe carbonatite lavas and tuffs of the Fort Portal Volcanic Field in Uganda, NE of Mount Ruwenzori between Lake Albert and Lake Edward, consists of a group of tuff cones and maars covering an area of about 145 km2. About 50 volcanic vents, some of which now contain crater lakes, were erupted through Precambrian gneiss in an WSW-ENE-trending area north of the town of Fort Portal. Several additional vents are located in the Kasekere (Rusekere) area to the NE. Radiocarbon dates of about 4,700-4,000 years ago were obtained from ash deposits in the volcanic field. Holmes (1950) noted that Kasensankaranga Crater in the Fort Portal area means "spewer of roasted material," implying observed activity.0.700030.25001615Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12069.jpgThese grass-covered tuff cones are among the many of the Fort Portal volcanic field in Uganda. The carbonatite lavas and tuffs were erupted from about 50 cones and maars, some of which now contain crater lakes. Photo by Nelson Eby (University of Massachusetts).Foidite30.25,0.7223002Ndali-Kasenda Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic fieldUgandaEastern Africa Volcanic RegionsAlbertine Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe Ndali-Kasenda Volcanic Field (also known as Kwatya) is located in the Western Rift Valley, N of the equator and E of the Ruwenzori Mountains about halfway between Lake Edward and Lake Albert. The numerous tuff cones and lake-filled maars are part of a group of Quaternary volcanic fields in western Uganda. Leaf fragments obtained from basal sediments cored from Lake Kifuruka were radiocarbon dated to 11,560 cal BP (9610 BCE) (Kiage et al., 2020). No eruption dates are known.0.458330.27501300Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11495.jpgMostly lake-filled maars and tuff cones dot the center of this NASA Landsat image (with N to the top) of the Kyatwa volcanic field. The Kyatwa vents, also known as the Ndale volcanic field, occupy the Western Rift Valley, east of the Ruwenzori Mountains halfway between Lake Edward and Lake Albert. The Kyatwa tuff cones are part of a group of Pleistocene-to-recent volcanic fields in western Uganda.NASA Landsat 7 image, 1999-2003 (courtesy of NASA Worldwind).Foidite30.275,0.4583223020NyamulagiraShieldShield2026DR CongoEastern Africa Volcanic RegionsAlbertine Rift Volcanic ProvinceAfrica's most active volcano, Nyamulagira (also known as Nyamuragira), is a massive high-potassium basaltic shield about 25 km N of Lake Kivu and 13 km NNW of the steep-sided Nyiragongo volcano. The summit is truncated by a small 2 x 2.3 km caldera that has walls up to about 100 m high. Documented eruptions have occurred within the summit caldera, as well as from the numerous flank fissures and cinder cones. A lava lake in the summit crater, active since at least 1921, drained in 1938, at the time of a major flank eruption. Recent lava flows extend down the flanks more than 30 km from the summit as far as Lake Kivu; extensive lava flows from this volcano have covered 1,500 km2 of the western branch of the East African Rift.-1.408029.20003058Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10984.jpgThe summit of Nyamuragira volcano is truncated by 2 x 2.3 km wide caldera whose floor is partially covered by unvegetated historical lava flows. This view from above the SW caldera rim shows a crater on the far side of the caldera (upper left) that was the site of a lava lake, active since at least 1921, which drained in 1938 at the time of a major flank eruption. Photo by Simon Carn, 2004 (TOMS Volcanic Emissions Group, University of Maryland, Baltimore County).Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite29.2,-1.408223030NyiragongoCompositeStratovolcano2026DR CongoEastern Africa Volcanic RegionsAlbertine Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe Nyiragongo stratovolcano contained a lava lake in its deep summit crater that was active for half a century before draining catastrophically through its outer flanks in 1977. The steep slopes contrast to the low profile of its neighboring shield volcano, Nyamuragira. Benches in the steep-walled, 1.2-km-wide summit crater mark levels of former lava lakes, which have been observed since the late-19th century. Two older stratovolcanoes, Baruta and Shaheru, are partially overlapped by Nyiragongo on the north and south. About 100 cones are located primarily along radial fissures south of Shaheru, east of the summit, and along a NE-SW zone extending as far as Lake Kivu. Many cones are buried by voluminous lava flows that extend long distances down the flanks, which is characterized by the eruption of foiditic rocks. The extremely fluid 1977 lava flows caused many fatalities, as did lava flows that inundated portions of the major city of Goma in January 2002.-1.520029.25003470Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-05864.jpgNyiragongo is seen here from the S across Lake Kivu at Peyer Yard in Rwanda. It contained a lava lake in its deep summit crater that was active for half a century before draining suddenly in 1977. In contrast to the low profile of the nearby Nyamuragira shield volcano, Nyiragongo displays the steep slopes of a stratovolcano. About 100 smaller cones are located primarily along radial fissures east of the summit and along a NE-SW zone extending as far as Lake Kivu.Photo by B. Martinelli, 1994 (courtesy of Jack Lockwood, U.S. Geological Survey).Foidite29.25,-1.52223040KarisimbiCompositeStratovolcano-8050DR Congo-RwandaEastern Africa Volcanic RegionsAlbertine Rift Volcanic ProvinceKarisimbi is a complex basanitic-to-trachytic volcano with a symmetrical sharp-peaked summit. The 2-km-wide Branca caldera, located SE of the summit, is filled by viscous lava flows and two explosion craters. The large 1.2-km-wide Muntango pit crater is located south of the summit. A broad lava plain, formed from lava flows erupted within the caldera and along a chain of cones, extends SW. More than 100 cones erupted along a NNE-SSW zone that extends to the shores of Lake Kivu. The youngest Potassium-Argon date obtained is about 10,000 years before present (de Mulder, 1985). The youngest eruptions produced a group of dome-shaped vents east of the caldera, which fed viscous lava flows that traveled as far as 12 km E, and lava flows from the SW-flank lava vents.-1.506029.45004490Rift zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11189.jpgThe Karisimbi volcanic complex (center) includes a symmetrical, peaked summit flanked to the SE by the 2-km-wide Branca caldera, which is filled by viscous lava flows and two craters. The smaller Muntango crater is located S of the summit. A broad lava plain composed of flows erupted within the caldera and along a chain of parasitic cones, extends SW. Eroded Mikeno volcano is at the upper left and Visoke volcano at the upper right of this Landsat image.NASA Landsat image, 1999 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite29.45,-1.506224004Basile, PicoShieldShield1923Equatorial GuineaNorthern Africa Volcanic RegionsWestern Africa Volcanic ProvincePico Basilé is the largest and highest of three basaltic shield volcanoes forming Bioko Island. Lying on the continental shelf along the Cameroon Line, this volcano is modified by the same NNE faults as Mt. Cameroon across the Gulf of Guinea on the mainland. It contains numerous satellitic cinder cones and is the only Bioko Island volcano with recorded eruptions, although they are poorly documented. Three eruptions, during the late-19th and early-20th centuries, have been reported from SE flank vents.3.58808.76202999Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11114.jpgSanta Isabel volcano occupies the northern end of Bioko (Fernando Poo) Island in this NASA Landsat view with north to the upper left. A large escarpment cuts the northern side of the 3,007-m-high volcano, whose summit is cut by regional NE-SW-trending faults. Numerous scoria cones are present, many of which lie along the same tectonic trend. Santa Isabel is the only Bioko Island volcano with reported historical eruptions, although they are poorly documented. The brown area along the northern coast is the capital city of Malabo.NASA Landsat image, 1999 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Basalt / Picro-Basalt8.762,3.588224011Tombel GrabenClusterVolcanic fieldCameroonNorthern Africa Volcanic RegionsWestern Africa Volcanic ProvinceYoung cinder cones and maars are abundant in the low-lying Tombel Graben (also referred to as the Tombel Plain) between Mount Cameroon and Mount Manengouba (within 4°58'N, 9°51'E and 4°33'N, 9°35'E). Mount Koupe, composed of Tertiary syenite, dominates the area. Activity began with the emission of large lava flows over Precambrian metamorphic rocks and Cretaceous sandstones, and concluded with explosive activity forming numerous cinder cones. The 800 km2 volcanic field, which erupted basanitic, basaltic, and trachybasaltic rocks, contains three large lake-filled maars, including Barombi Mbo, a compound maar near the town of Kumba. Legends record an eruption of Le Djungo (also known as Mont Pelé) that destroyed a village; though a small craterless cone is marked along a fault line on a map in Nkono (2009, after Nkouathio et al., 2002) it's unclear what cone is being described by the story, because no noticeably younger or unvegetated cones are apparent in satellite imagery. Two samples taken from the Njombe area in the farthest SW part of the field were K-Ar dated as possible Holocene (Nkouathio et al., 2008), though the error was too large to be definitive.4.75809.7170500Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11135.jpgThree lake-filled maars dot the Tombel Graben between Mount Cameroon (lower left) and lava flows from Manengouba volcano (top). The Mungo River runs from N to S across the right side of this Landsat image. The largest maar, Barombi Mbo, lies just west of the brown-colored area of the town of Kumba, and Barombi Koto is at the lower left. A large number of scoria cones, including the young cone of Le Djungo (Mont Pelé) dot the 10-20 km wide graben.NASA Landsat image, 1999 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite9.717,4.758224010CameroonCompositeStratovolcano2000CameroonNorthern Africa Volcanic RegionsWestern Africa Volcanic ProvinceThe massive steep-sided Mount Cameroon rises above the coast of west Cameroon, overlooking the Bight of Biafra, part of the Gulf of Guinea. The dominantly basaltic-to-trachybasaltic edifice forms a volcanic horst constructed above a basement of Precambrian metamorphic rocks covered with Cretaceous to Quaternary sediments. More than 100 small cinder cones, often fissure-controlled parallel to the long axis of the 1,400 km3 edifice, occur on the flanks and surrounding lowlands. A large satellitic peak, Etinde (also known as Little Cameroon), is located on the S flank near the coast. The first known reported activity was in the 5th century BCE by the Carthaginian navigator Hannon. Additional activity has frequently been reported since about 1800 CE, consisting of moderate explosive and effusive eruptions from both summit and flank vents. A 1922 SW-flank eruption produced a lava flow that reached the Atlantic coast, and a lava flow from a 1999 S-flank eruption stopped only 200 m from the sea. Explosive activity from two vents on the upper SE flank was reported in May 2000.4.20309.17004095Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-08685.jpgPlumes rise from a crater and a lava flow near the summit of Mount Cameroon in 1982. More than 100 small cinder cones, often fissure-controlled parallel to the long axis of the massive 1,400 km3 volcano, occur on the flanks and surrounding lowlands. During historical time, explosive and effusive eruptions have occurred from both summit and flank vents. In 1922, a lava flow from a SW-flank vent reached the Atlantic Ocean.Photo by Daniel Kergomard, 1982 (courtesy of J.G. Fitton, BRGM, France).Trachybasalt / Tephrite Basanite9.17,4.203224030Oku Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic fieldCameroonNorthern Africa Volcanic RegionsWestern Africa Volcanic ProvinceNumerous maars and basaltic cinder cones lie on or near the deeply dissected rhyolitic and trachytic Mount Oku massif along the Cameroon volcanic line. The Mount Oku stratovolcano is cut by a large caldera. The Oku volcanic field is noted for two crater lakes, Lake Nyos to the N and Lake Monoun to the S, that have produced catastrophic carbon-dioxide gas release events. The 15 August 1984 gas release at Lake Monoun was attributed to overturn of stratified lake water, triggered by an earthquake and landslide. The Lake Nyos event on 21 August 1986 caused at least 1,700 fatalities. The emission of ~1 km3 of magmatic carbon dioxide has been attributed either to overturn of stratified lake waters as a result of a non-volcanic process, or to phreatic explosions or injection of hot gas into the lake.6.250010.50003011Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-00264.jpgLake Nyos is the most renowned of the numerous maars and basaltic cinder cones associated with the deeply dissected Mount Oku massif. The 1.2 x 1.9 km wide lake, seen here from the south, was the site of a gas-release event on 21 August 1986 that caused at least 1,700 fatalities. Wave damage stripped the peninsula at the left of vegetation. The emission of around 1 km3 of magmatic carbon dioxide has been attributed to either non-volcanic overturn of stratified lake waters, to phreatic explosions, or to injection of hot gas into the lake.Photo by Jack Lockwood, 1986 (U.S. Geological Survey).Basalt / Picro-Basalt10.5,6.25225001Todra Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic fieldNigerNorthern Africa Volcanic RegionsWest Central Sahara Volcanic ProvinceThe Todra Volcanic Field covers about 1,000 km2 in the Tuareg shield in the southern Aïr region of Niger. Activity began with the eruption of about 30 trachytic and phonolitic volcanoes through Precambrian basement rocks. This was followed by the formation of about 130 basaltic cones that typically produced valley-filling lava flows. A series of NW-SE faults control cone locations. The date of the latest eruption is not known, but may have been as recent as a few centuries ago.17.68008.50001780Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11924.jpgThis small Aïr basaltic scoria cone and lava flow are part of the Todra volcanic field, which covers a broad area of about 1,050 km2 in the Tuareg shield in the southern Aïr region of Niger. Construction of about 30 volcanoes was followed by the formation of about 130 basaltic cones. The date of the latest eruption of the Todra volcanic field is not known, but may have been as recent as a few centuries ago.Photo by Jean-Paul Liégeois (Africa Museum, Belgium).Basalt / Picro-Basalt8.5,17.68284305Mariana Back-Arc Segment at 15.5°NClusterFissure vent2015United StatesNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsMariana Volcanic ArcThe Mariana back-arc spreading segment centered at 15.5°N is part of a line of recently surveyed segments with anomalous hydrothermal plumes. The line parallels the Mariana Islands (about 100 km E) and the Mariana Trench (~300 km E). A series of very recently erupted lava flows were discovered in late 2015 along this back-arc zone about 130 km WNW of Saipan. Flows near 15.4°N were not present at the time of a February 2013 bathymetric survey. Large hydrothermal plumes and intense chemical anomalies in the ocean overlie the area. The sediment-free pillow lavas have a dark glassy crust at water depths of between 4,100 and 4,450 m, believed to be the deepest reported eruption known, and the first to be found along a slow-spreading ridge.15.4060144.5060-4100Subduction zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Dated144.506,15.406373082HeidarspordarClusterFissure vent-300IcelandAtlantic Ocean Volcanic RegionsIceland Neovolcanic Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe Heiðarsporðar volcanic system in the Northern Volcanic Zone is about 22 km long, consisting of a fissure swarm and a central volcano. It is embryonic, starting to develop in the marginal area of two adjacent fissure areas, Krafla and Fremrinámar, producing large-volume eruptions. No geothermal activity is present. Magma composition ranges from olivine-tholeiite through tholeiitic basalt and basaltic andesite to dacite. Characteristic activity consists of effusive basaltic eruptions and small predominantly effusive silicic eruptions. It has shown rather low activity in the Holocene but has produced substantial basaltic lava flows. Two eruptive periods have occurred in Holocene time separated by over 8,000 years. The last eruption took place about 2,200 years ago, producing a lava flow covering about 220 km2 and extending 60 km from source.65.5830-16.8170490Rift zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06013.jpgThe Laxarhraun lava field in the Heiðarspordar volcanic system covered much of the Lake Mývatn area and lava flowed down the Laxardalur canyon to the north coast. Numerous pseudocraters and rootless cones, some of which are seen here along the shore of the lake, formed as a result of secondary explosive activity when the lava flow encountered abundant groundwater. The massive 224 km2 flow, erupted about 2,000 years ago, forms all but the northern shoreline of the lake.Photo by Michael Ryan, 1984 (U.S. Geological Survey).-16.817,65.583371022EldeyClusterFissure vent1926IcelandAtlantic Ocean Volcanic RegionsIceland Neovolcanic Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe Eldey volcanic system is located on the northernmost part of the Reykjanes Ridge and is submarine with the exception of Eldey Island and the skerries (small rocky islands) Eldeyjardrangur, Geirfugladrangur, and Geirfuglasker. Maximum water depth within the system is about 250 m. Characteristic activity consists of explosive submarine basaltic eruptions. Six small eruptions have been located within this system during the last 1,100 years, the last occurring in 1926 CE. Bulletin reports that are included here cover a larger area of the Reykjanes Ridge south of Iceland without a clear source or enough evidence for a separate volcano entry.63.7330-23.000070Rift zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observed-23,63.733373012ThordarhyrnaCompositeStratovolcano1904IcelandAtlantic Ocean Volcanic RegionsIceland Neovolcanic Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe Þórðarhyrna central volcano has been moderately active during the Holocene, with the last eruption occurring in 1903 CE. It is the second and less active central volcano of the Grímsvötn-Laki volcanic system, located about 20 km SW of the more active Grímsvötn central volcano and connected to it by a subglacial mountain ridge. The volcano has a diameter of 15 km, and is covered by ice 100-600 m thick within the Vatnajökull glacier. The last eruption occurred in 1903 CE. The recent activity has been explosive (phreatomagmatic) basaltic eruptions with tephra volumes ranging from 0.01-1 km3, but several rhyolitic nunataks characterize this volcano. Eruptions are accompanied by jökulhlaups. Being the only second central volcano on a volcanic system with considerable historical volcanic activity, Þórðarhyrna is treated as an independent volcano although the fissure swarm events are shared with the Grímsvötn system.64.2670-17.61701650Rift zone / Oceanic crust (< 15 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12665.jpgÞórðarhyrna (Thordarhyrna) is below the Vatnajökull glacier with the ice between 100-600 m thick, shown in this 29 October 2019 Sentinel-2 satellite image (N is at the top; this image is approximately 52 km across). The edifice is 15 km in diameter and is part of the Grímsvötn volcanic system. Cauldrons that have formed within the ice above indicate geothermal activity.Satellite image courtesy of Copernicus Sentinel Data, 2019.-17.617,64.267221294Northern Lake Abaya Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic fieldEthiopiaEastern Africa Volcanic RegionsMain Ethiopian Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe Northern Lake Abaya volcanic field consists primarily of small Quaternary cones and basaltic lava flows between Doguna volcano to the north, Chericha to the E, Lake Abaya to the south, and the Hobitcha caldera to the west. The 3.5-km-long rhyolitic dome area immediately SE of the Hobitcha caldera trachytic ridge includes recent obsidian flows from vents at Hako and Salewa Dore (Corti et al., 2013).6.760037.97001594Intraplate / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12576.jpgNorthern Lake Abaya Volcanic Field is largely between Lake Abaya in the bottom of this image and the eroded Duguna volcano in the top center of this November 2020 Planet Labs satellite image monthly mosaic (N is at the top; this image is approximately 52 km across). The majority of the central area is recent lava flows from scoria cones with NNE-SSW-trending faults throughout. Hyaloclastite deposits are just north of this image and the 1.8-km-wide crater NNE of the lake is Chiracha volcano.Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2020 (https://www.planet.com/).37.97,6.76221330Mega Volcanic FieldClusterVolcanic fieldEthiopiaEastern Africa Volcanic RegionsKenyan Rift Volcanic ProvinceThe Mega Volcanic Field in southern Ethiopia is present on both sides of the 100-km-long NW-SE Mega escarpment, and covers about 1,400 km2. Franceschini et al. (2020) provides an excellent review of this field, from which most of this summary is taken. The field includes 114 monogenetic centers, primarily cinder cones and some maars; the largest maar is the 2.3-km-diameter El Sod. Uneroded lava flows often partially overly deeply eroded lava flows. Large lava flows are usually associated with cinder cones, but fissure-fed flows in the Megado area exhibit oriented spatter ramparts. One of the largest lava flows extends more than 10 km SW from the Mega escarpment and covers about 25 km2; it has a very fresh, black, glassy appearance of the surface, and minimal vegetation. Two samples analyzed by Franceschini et al. (2020) yielded 40Ar/39Ar ages of 0.116 ± 0.005 and 0.044 ± 0.008 Ma; two other samples indicated very recent Holocene ages. These are the first age dates available for this field, and are in agreement with the morphological interpretation of some young cinder cones and lava flows.3.971038.21301500Rift zone / Intermediate crust (15-25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12556.jpgCones, maars, lava flows, and craters of the Mega Basalt Field located along the Ethiopia-Kenya border are visible across this December 2020 Planet Labs satellite image mosaic (N at the top). It is located near the villages Mega and Megado and covers an area of approximately 1,400 km2. Large lava flows were produced from scoria cones and spatter ramparts, and the largest Maar is El Sod (top right), reaching 2.3 km in diameter and 0.41 km deep.Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2020 (https://www.planet.com/).38.213,3.971355091SairecaburCompositeStratovolcano(es)Chile-BoliviaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThis chain of andesitic-dacitic volcanoes along the Chile-Bolivia border contains at least 10 postglacial centers and stretches from Escalante volcano in the N to Sairecábur volcano in the S. Nomenclature reflecting local usage results in conflicting names applied to these features on Chilean and Bolivian topographic maps. The highest peak, Sairecábur, is located on the northern margin of a 4.5-km-wide caldera. Postglacial activity began S of the summit, but most recently produced a pristine lava flow to the NW. An active sulfur mine is located N of the volcano. Escalante, slightly older than Sairecábur, has a crater lake at its summit and youthful lava flows on its flanks, and other eruptive centers have also produced Holocene lava flows. The Pleistocene-Holocene Curinquinca volcano lies at the NE end of the complex; Cerro Colorado volcano lies at the NW end.-22.7190-67.89105961Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11197.jpgThe western side of the Sairecábur volcanic complex is seen with thick, blocky lava flows in the foreground. This chain of andesitic-dacitic volcanoes along the Chile-Bolivia border contains at least 10 postglacial centers and stretches from Escalante volcano on the north to Sairecábur volcano on the south. The highest peak, Sairecábur, is located on the northern margin of a 4.5-km-wide caldera. An active sulfur mine is located north of the volcano. Escalante has a crater lake at its summit and youthful lava flows on its flanks.Photo by Raphaél Paris, 2004 (CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.891,-22.719355092LicancaburCompositeStratovolcanoChile-BoliviaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe symmetrical steep-sided Licancabur stratovolcano was constructed primarily during the Holocene and contains a lake in its 400-m-wide summit crater. The Pleistocene Juriques volcano is located immediately to the SE and is capped by a 1.5-km-wide summit crater. Archaeological ruins were found on the crater rim. The shallow freshwater summit lake is 70 x 90 m and has a measured temperature of 6°C, supporting growth of planktonic fauna at nearly 6,000 m elevation. Young blocky andesitic lava flows with prominent levees extend up to 6 km down the NW-to-SW flanks; older flows reach up to 15 km from the summit crater and are covered by pyroclastic-flow deposits that extend 12 km. The most recent activity produced flank lava flows.-22.8300-67.88005916Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06885.jpgThe symmetrical Licancabur stratovolcano (left) rises above a basement of rhyodacitic ignimbrites and dacitic lava domes. A small 80-m-wide lake, one of the world's highest, occupies its 400-m-wide summit crater. Archaeological ruins were found on the 5916-m-high crater rim of Volcán Lincancabur. Young lava flows with prominent levees extend up to 6 km down the NW-to-SW flanks of the volcano.Photo by Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.88,-22.83355093GuayaquesMinorLava dome(s)Chile-BoliviaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe Cerros de Guayaques group of N-S-trending rhyodacitic lava domes straddles the Chile-Bolivia border. The 10-km-long chain is located immediately E of the Purico pyroclastic shield. There is some evidence for Holocene activity, and the youngest domes appear to be N of the summit crater of the dome complex (de Silva and Francis, 1991). A well-defined summit crater was the source of the largest lava flows, which traveled 3 km to the SW. There are no records of historical activity. -22.8950-67.56605598Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11124.jpgThe irregular 10-km-long N-S-trending chain just left of the center of this Landsat image is Cerros de Guayaques. These rhyodacitic lava domes straddle the Chile-Bolivia border. The 10-km-long chain is located immediately east of the Purico pyroclastic shield, part of which is visible on the left side of the image. A well-defined summit crater was the source of the largest lava flows, which form the lobate flows that extend 3 km to the SW. There are no records of historical activity from Guayaques volcano. NASA Landsat image, 1999 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Dacite-67.566,-22.895355094Purico ComplexShieldShield(pyroclastic)ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe Purico volcanic complex consists of two ignimbrite sheets, separated by a short erosional interval, that were erupted about 1.3 million years ago, along with several stratovolcanoes and lava domes that define a postulated 10 x 20 km ring fracture. Cerro Toco volcano overlies the vent area of the Cajón Ignimbrite. A sulfur mine on its SE flank was mined until the early 1990s. The youngest lava domes, Cerro Chascón de Purico and Cerro Aspero are of Holocene age (de Silva and Francis, 1991). Both domes differ morphologically from many other flat-topped silicic Andean volcanic domes and have conical profiles. The Cerro Chascón de Purico dacitic dome was formed by a series of viscous lava flows and has a well-preserved summit crater and lava flows that show no evidence of glacial modification. The Cerro Aspero appears to be a single Pelean-type dome. The dacitic-to-andesitic Macon stratovolcano of Holocene age lies at the southern end of the complex, and the Alitar maar at the SE end displays constant solfataric activity.-23.0000-67.75005703Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11125.jpgErosional furrows cut outflow sheets of Pleistocene ignimbrites of the Purico Complex that were erupted from a postulated 10 x 20 km ring fracture. The light-colored dome at the top center is Pleistocene in age, but the youngest lava domes, Cerro Chascón de Purico (center) and Cerro Aspero (the small dome at the bottom center) are of Pleistocene-Holocene age. The dacitic-to-andesitic Macon stratovolcano of Holocene age lies at the SW end of the complex (far left-center). The Guayaques volcanic chain lies at the upper right.NASA Landsat image, 1999 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Dacite-67.75,-23355095ColachiCompositeStratovolcanoChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcColachi is a andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano that was constructed on an uplifted block of welded ignimbrites. The most recent activity produced pristine silicic lava flows of probable Holocene age, the largest of which covers a 7 km2 area on the saddle between Colachi and the neighboring volcano of Acamarachi (de Silva and Francis, 1991). A smaller flow was erupted on the W flank. The closely spaced Colachi and Acamarachi volcanoes represent different magmatic systems (Gardeweg 1993, pers. comm.). -23.2360-67.64505631Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06886.jpgColachi (left) is an andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano whose most recent activity produced pristine silicic lava flows of probable Holocene age. The largest of these covers a 7 km2 area on the saddle between Colachi and the neighboring volcano of Acamarachi (center horizon). This aerial view from the west also shows the conical peak of Aguas Calientes (far right), a twin volcano of Lascar volcano, whose slopes appear at the lower right. The Talabre valley in the center foreground is partially filled by an andesitic lava flow from Lascar.Photo by Insitituto Geográfico Militar, courtesy of Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.645,-23.236355096AcamarachiCompositeStratovolcanoChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcAcamarachi, a steep-sided andesitic-dacitic volcano, forms the highest peak in this part of the northern Andes. Also known as Cerro Pili, it is at the SSE end of a small volcanic complex that extends from the neighboring volcano Colachi to the NNW. A large lava dome is located on its N flank. A poorly preserved summit crater and the absence of youthful flank lava flows suggest that the volcano was largely constructed in pre-Holocene times, although the summit lava flows draping the upper cone were considered to be of Holocene age (González-Ferrán, 1995).-23.2920-67.61806023Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06887.jpgAcamarachi, an impressively steep-sided andesitic-dacitic volcano with slopes that reach about 45 degrees, towers above Laguna Aguas Calientes. The 6046-m-high Acamarachi is the highest peak in this part of the northern Andes and lies at the SSE end of a small volcanic complex that extends from the neighboring volcano Colachi. A poorly preserved summit crater and the absence of youthful flank lava flows suggest that Acamarachi was largely constructed in pre-Holocene times, although the summit lava flows may be younger.Photo by Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Dacite-67.618,-23.292355098ChiliquesCompositeStratovolcanoChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcVolcán Chiliques is a structurally simple stratovolcano located immediately south of Laguna Lejía. The summit contains a 500-m-wide crater. Several youthful lava flows, some of which are considered to be of possible Holocene age (de Silva, 2007 pers. comm.), descend its flanks. The largest of these extends 5 km NW. Older lava flows reach up to 10 km from the summit on the N flank. This volcano had previously been considered to be dormant; however, in 2002 a NASA nighttime thermal infrared satellite image from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) showed low-level hot spots in the summit crater and upper flanks.-23.5800-67.70005778Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10996.jpgSnow-capped Volcán Chiliques is a conical stratovolcano located NNE of Laguna Miscanti (foreground). The 5778-m-high summit of the volcano contains a 500-m-wide crater. Several youthful lava flows, some of which are considered to be of Holocene age descend its flanks. Chiliques had previously been considered to be dormant; however, in 2002 a NASA nighttime thermal infrared satellite image showed low-level hot spots in the summit crater and upper flanks. Photo by Carlos Felipe Ramírez (courtesy of Oscar González-Ferrán, University of Chile).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.7,-23.58355090PutanaCompositeStratovolcano1810ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcVolcán Putana, also known as Jorgencal or Machuca, is part of a large, roughly N-S-trending volcanic complex that covers an area of 600 km2. Vigorous fumarolic activity is visible at the summit from long distances. The main edifice, which formed primarily by lava effusion, consists of accumulated postglacial dacitic lava domes and flows mantling an older pre-Holocene volcano. The youngest basaltic andesite lava flows are viscous and rarely extend more than 3 km. A major eruption of unspecified character was reported in the early 19th century (Rudolph, 1955; Guest 1981, pers. comm.), although González-Ferrán (1995) indicated that no historical eruptions had occurred. -22.5570-67.85305884Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11755.jpgVolcán Putana, seen here from the west, shows vigorous fumarolic activity at its 5890-m-high summit. Snow forming a thin diagonal line below and to the right of the summit marks a road leading to a sulfur-mining operation at the summit of the volcano. Putana is also known as Jorgencal or Machuca and is part of a large, roughly N-S-trending volcanic complex that covers an area of 600 km2 along the Chile-Bolivia border. Postglacial dacitic lava domes and short, thick lava flows form the main edifice.Photo by Joël Boyer, 2006 (L.A.V.E.)Dacite-67.853,-22.557355101Cordon de Puntas NegrasCompositeStratovolcano(es)ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcTwo intersecting volcanic chains, the Cordón de Puntas Negras and Cordón Chalviri, trend roughly SE from Chiliques volcano to Volcán Puntas Negras stratovolcano and SW from there to Cerro Tuyajto, respectively. The chain of small cones, lava domes, lava flows, and maars covers an area of about 500 km2 and contains at least 25 different vents. The Cordón de Puntas Negras is situated along the southern margin of the 35 x 70 km Pliocene La Pacana caldera. The pristine morphology of many of the volcanic features indicates a Holocene (de Silva and Francis, 1991) or historical (González-Ferrán, 1995) age. Small cones such as Cerros Cenizas, Aguas Calientes, Laguna Escondida, and Chinchilla have well-preserved summit craters and produced short lava flows. A distinct maar-type vent is present, as well as a 13 km2 silicic lava flow and dome complex. A volcanic center immediately SE of Cerro Laguna Escondida appears to be the youngest vent of the complex.-23.7430-67.53405852Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06890.jpgThe Cordón de Puntas Negras, a NW-SE-trending chain of small cones, lava domes, and lava flows, extends from SE of Cerro Chiliques to the Volcán Puntas Negras stratovolcano. This view of the southern end of the chain shows multiple vents that fed pristine-looking lava flows with prominent flow levees. The Cordón de Puntas Negras chain is situated along the southern margin of the 35 x 70 km Pliocene La Pacana caldera. Photo by Instituto Geográfico Militar, courtesy of Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.534,-23.743355102MiniquesCompositeStratovolcano(es)ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcVolcán Miñiques is a large basaltic andesite to dacitic volcanic complex S of Laguna Miscanti and Laguna Miñiques. The summit is cut by three overlapping craters. Larger craters, partially filled by lava domes and flows, are located W and NE of the summit. The stratovolcano and lava-dome complex was considered to have been active from the Pliocene to the Holocene (González-Ferrán, 1995); de Silva (2007 pers. comm.) assigned it a possible Holocene age. A prominent lava flow extends NW from the summit to the lower flanks, separating Laguna Miñiques from Laguna Miscanti.-23.8200-67.77005910Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12079.jpgThe broad Volcán Miñiques massif rises to the SE above Laguna Miñiques. The 5910-m-high summit of the volcano is cut by three overlapping, E-W-trending craters. Larger craters, partially filled by lava domes and flows, are located west and NE of the summit of the volcano, which is of late Pleistocene or Holocene age. A prominent lava flow, not visible in this image, extends NW-ward from the summit to the lower flanks, separating Laguna Miñiques from Laguna Miscanti to the north. Photo by Jos Offermans, 2008.Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.77,-23.82355103Tujle, CerroMinorMaarChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe Cerro Tujle maar (also known as Cerro Tucle or Cerro Tugle) in the Cordón de Tujle has a 60-m-deep crater (de Silva and Francis, 1991). The maar is located SE of the Salar de Atacama, N of Cerro Toloncha. -23.8300-67.95003550Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11128.jpgThe small dot near the center of this Landsat image is the Cerro Tujle maar (also known as Cerro Tucle or Cerro Tugle). The Holocene maar has a 60-m-deep crater and is surrounded by a dark-colored ejecta blanket. The maar is located SE of the Salar de Atacama, north of Cerro Toloncha. NASA Landsat image, 1999 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).No Data (checked)-67.95,-23.83355104CaichinqueCompositeStratovolcano(es)ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcCaichinque is a relatively small Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic complex that forms a topographic high dividing Salar Capur from Salar Talar. More than a half-dozen vents produced andesitic-to-dacitic lava flows, with young flows descending to the NE and SE from the summit. One prominent flow traveled 6 km to the E, forming two lobes extending into the Salar Talar. The youthful morphology of the flows suggested a prehistorical age (González-Ferrán, 1995), but de Silva (2007 pers. comm.) considered the volcanic complex to perhaps be as old as late Pleistocene. -23.9490-67.74004458Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11129.jpgCaichinque volcano forms a topographic high dividing lakes of Salar Capur (left) from Salar Talar (right). More than a half dozen vents produced andesitic-to-dacitic lava flows, with young flows descending to the NE and SE from the 4450-m-high summit. One prominent flow traveled 6 km to the east, forming two lobes extending into the Salar Talar. Other youthful looking flows traveled to the west, forming lobes extending into Salar Capur, and SSW, dividing the two salars. NASA Landsat image, 1999 (courtesy of Hawaii Synergy Project, Univ. of Hawaii Institute of Geophysics & Planetology).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.74,-23.949355105TilocalarMinorLava cone(es)ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcTwo small eruptive vents that produced lava flows lie about 3 km apart in the Callejón de Tilocálar area. Lava flows overlie Pliocene ignimbrites and were considered to be of Pleistocene-Holocene age by González-Ferrán (1995). The larger feature, Tilocálar Sur, lies about 3.5 km SW of Tilocálar Norte. Four basaltic andesite to andesitic lava flows originated from Tilocálar Sur, and an explosion crater lies a kilometer to the south. The Tilocálar Norte lies near the eastern wall of the Callejón de Tilocálar and produced lava flows that traveled primarily to the north.-23.9700-68.13003109Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12348.jpgThe Tilocalar volcanic center is shown here in this 25 November 2019 Sentinel-2 satellite image (N is at the top), with Tilocalar Norte near the center of the image and Tilocalar Sur to the SW. Tilocalar Norte erupted a single 4.3-km-long lava flow while Tilocalar Sur produced four lava flows. They overlie the Talabre ignimbrite.Satellite image courtesy of Copernicus Sentinel Data, 2019.Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-68.13,-23.97355107PularCompositeStratovolcano(es)ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcCerro Pular on the NE end and Cerro Pajonales on the SW form a 12-km-long volcanic ridge NE of Socompa volcano that is mostly pre-Holocene, but may have experienced some more recent activity. The chain lies NW of the Salar de Pular, about 15 km W of the Argentinian border. Extensive andesitic lava flows reach the lower flanks of the volcanoes, and about 10 craters are present. A major satellite vent W of the ridge appears to be the youngest feature of the volcanic complex. An uncertain small explosive eruption was reported in 1990, but the vent location was not known. -24.1880-68.05406233Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12350.jpgPular is the 12-km-long volcanic ridge below the center of this 29 October 2018 Planet Scope image (N is at the top; this image is approximately 41 km across). The lava flows to the W are at El Negrillar. The edifice contains Cerro Pular at the NE end and Cerro Pajonales at the SW.Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2018 (https://www.planet.com/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-68.054,-24.188355108Negrillar, LaMinorPyroclastic cone(s)ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe basaltic andesite La Negrillar cone and lava flow complex (also known as Aguas Perdidas) covers a roughly 50 km2 area along the SW margin of the Atacama basin about 35 km WNW of Socompa volcano between the small Sierra San Juan and Sierra Almeida ranges. It was interpreted to be Holocene by de Silva and Francis (1991), though Gardeweg (1993, pers. comm.) did not consider it to be of Holocene age. Additionally, de Silva (2007, pers. comm.) noted that it was not as youthful looking as the El Negrillar complex to the N, although it did show leveed lava flows and pristine craters.-24.3190-68.59004220Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12351.jpgAn elongated lava flow field at La Negrillar is down the center of this 28 April 2019 Planet Scope satellite image (N is at the top; this image is approximately 17 km across). A scoria cone with a crater that opens towards the SE is visible below the center of the image. The field is located along the SW margin of the Atacama basin, W of Socompa volcano.Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-68.59,-24.319355109SocompaCompositeStratovolcano-5250Chile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcStraddling the Chile-Argentina border, Volcán Socompa is a massive dacitic stratovolcano that lies immediately north of the only railway line between the two countries. It is the youngest and southernmost of a NE-SW-trending chain of volcanoes including Pular and Pajonales. In contrast to the latter two volcanoes, no glacial moraines have been observed on the relatively uneroded Socompa. Collapse of the NW portion of the volcano about 7200 years ago produced a 600 km2 debris-avalanche deposit that extends about 40 km from the summit and is one of the world's largest and best exposed. Undated post-collapse eruptions constructed dacitic lava domes that have filled much of the head of the collapse scarp. No historical eruptions are known.-24.3960-68.24606031Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06891.jpgVolcán Socompa is a massive, 6051-m-high dacitic stratovolcano noted for an eruption about 7200 years ago, similar to that at Mount St. Helens in 1980. The Socompa eruption produced a massive 600 km2 debris-avalanche deposit, much larger than at St. Helens, that extends about 40 km from the summit. This view from the north shows dark-colored post-collapse lava domes on the right side that have filled much of the head of the massive collapse scarp, which extends to the base of the volcano at the lower right. Photo by Carlos Felipe Ramírez (courtesy of Oscar González-Ferrán, University of Chile).Dacite-68.246,-24.396355100LascarCompositeStratovolcano(es)2026ChileSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcLáscar is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes. The andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano contains six overlapping summit craters. Prominent lava flows descend its NW flanks. An older, higher stratovolcano 5 km E, Volcán Aguas Calientes, displays a well-developed summit crater and a probable Holocene lava flow near its summit (de Silva and Francis, 1991). Láscar consists of two major edifices; activity began at the eastern volcano and then shifted to the western cone. The largest eruption took place about 26,500 years ago, and following the eruption of the Tumbres scoria flow about 9000 years ago, activity shifted back to the eastern edifice, where three overlapping craters were formed. Frequent small-to-moderate explosive eruptions have been recorded since the mid-19th century, along with periodic larger eruptions that produced ashfall hundreds of kilometers away. The largest historical eruption took place in 1993, producing pyroclastic flows to 8.5 km NW of the summit and ashfall in Buenos Aires.-23.3700-67.73005592Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-04835.jpgVolcán Láscar (right) is the most active volcano of the northern Chilean Andes. A steam plume rises in 1986 from one of six overlapping summit craters capping the andesitic-to-dacitic stratovolcano, which is seen here from Toconao to the NW. Volcán Aguas Calientes (left center), an older, higher stratovolcano 5 km to the east, displays a well-developed summit crater and a probable Holocene lava flow near its summit. Frequent explosive eruptions have been recorded from Láscar since the mid-19th century.Photo by Paul King, MINSAL Corporation, 1986 (courtesy of Peter Francis, Open University).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-67.73,-23.37355112Corrida de Cori Volcanic FieldCompositeStratovolcanoChile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcCerro Escorial, a small andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano, has young-looking lava flows and a well-preserved crater. It is the youngest volcanic center of the NW-SE-trending Corrida de Cori range that marks the Chile/Argentina border. Escorial is located 4 km NE of an active sulfur mine in older, extensively hydrothermally altered rocks. Very youthful-looking lava flows extend westward 3-4 km over an ignimbrite deposit on the Chilean side. A 1-km-wide crater caps the summit. Escorial was considered by de Silva and Francis (1991) to be of probable Holocene age based on morphological evidence, but Richards and Villeneuve (2002) obtained an Ar/Ar age of about 0.342 million years on a lava flow. Most of the lava flows extend to the SW into Chile, but a few small lobes traveled NE on the Argentinian side of the volcano. De Silva (2007 pers. comm.) noted that the well-preserved summit crater postdates the lava flow and could be of Holocene age.-25.0830-68.36705451Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10976.jpgCerro Escorial (center horizon), viewed from the summit of Lastarria volcano, is a small andesitic-dacitic stratovolcano that straddles the Chile/Argentina border. Very youthful-looking lava flows of uncertain age are seen here extending 3-4 km SW-ward over an ignimbrite deposit on the Chilean side of the border. Cerro Escorial is located 4 km NE of an active sulfur mine in older, extensively hydrothermally altered rocks, some of which are seen in the middle ground. Photo by José Naranjo, 1983 (Servico Nacional de Geologica y Mineria).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-68.367,-25.083355110LlullaillacoCompositeStratovolcano1877Chile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe world's highest historically active volcano, Llullaillaco sits astride the Chile-Argentina border. The summit is formed by a smaller well-preserved cone that was constructed on an older Pleistocene edifice. A major debris-avalanche deposit produced by collapse of the older volcano about 150,000 years ago extends eastward into Argentina and diverges around the N and S sides of the older Cerro Rosado stratovolcano 17 km to the E. Construction of several lava domes and flows was associated with growth of the modern cone. The two most prominent flows contain distinct flow levees and ridges and extend down the N and S flanks. These two extremely youthful-looking dacitic flows were initially considered to be of Holocene age, but more recent Ar/Ar dating indicates that they are of late Pleistocene age (Richards and Villeneuve, 2001). Two explosive eruptions and another that may have included lava effusion were reported in the 19th century. -24.7200-68.53006739Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06900.jpgThe world's highest historically active volcano, 6739-m-high Llullaillaco, sits astride the Chile-Argentina border. The summit, seen here from the NE, is formed by a smaller well-preserved cone that was constructed on an older edifice dating back to the early Pleistocene. A major debris-avalanche deposit produced by collapse of the older volcano extends eastward into Argentina. Growth of the modern cone was completed with the emplacement of a series of young lava flows down the northern and southern flanks. Photo by Carlos Felipe Ramírez, courtesy of Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Dacite-68.53,-24.72355121Cordon del AzufreCompositeComplexChile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcCordón del Azufre is a small volcanic complex straddling the Chile-Argentina border. The complex consists of a cluster of lava flows from vents on the NE side, wholly within Argentina, and a 5-km-long chain of vents along the border with Chile. An older andesitic-dacitic edifice with a 1.3-km-wide crater was mostly covered by younger Holocene andesitic lava flows. The youngest cone, 300-m-high Volcán la Moyra, was the source of fresh-looking blocky andesitic lava flows that descended 6 km into Chile and 3 km into Argentina.-25.3360-68.52105481Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12352.jpgCordón del Azufre is in the center of this 22 May 2019 Planet Scope satellite image (N is at the top), located along the Chile-Argentina border. The darker lava flow originated from Volcán la Moyra, the youngest feature of the volcanic field, reaching 6 km to the W. The complex includes a N-S chain of four craters and numerous lava flows.Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-68.521,-25.336355122Bayo Gorbea, CerroCompositeComplexChile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcCerro Bayo is a complex volcano of partial Holocene age located along the Chile-Argentina border. An older center to the south contains a poorly preserved, 800-m-wide crater. A younger northern center along the national border has a well-preserved 400-m-wide crater and produced lava flows to the north and NE. The summit of the complex, located west of the border in Chile, is the source of two viscous dacitic lava flows that traveled to the north and represent the most recent activity of the complex.-25.4140-68.58805413Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12353.jpgThe Cerro Bayo volcanic complex is along the Chile-Argentina border east of the Salar de Gorbea and is shown in this 21 October 2019 Planet Scope satellite image (N is at the top; the image is approximately 11.5 km across). A 430-m-diameter crater is visible at the summit of a scoria cone, and to the W are lobate lava flows with levees and pressure ridges.Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-68.588,-25.414355123Nevada, SierraCompositeComplexChile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe Sierra Nevada volcanic complex, located in one of the most inaccessible parts of the Central Andes, covers an area of about 225 km2 astride the Chile-Argentina border. The complex is of partial Holocene age and includes at least 12 volcanic vents with associated lava flows (de Silva and Francis, 1991). Craters up to 400 m in diameter and large andesitic lava flows that extend up to 7 km with well-developed flow ridges are present. The oldest part of the complex, at its eastern end in Argentina, includes two stratovolcanoes, one with a 1-km-wide summit crater.-26.4800-68.58006173Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12536.jpgThis April 2019 Planet Labs satellite image monthly mosaic (N is at the top; this image is approximately 23 km across) highlights the lava flow morphologies of the Sierra Nevada complex in Chile. The complex covers around 225 km2 and has at least 12 vents with associated lava flows. The 1-km-wide Cumbre del Laudo crater is on the eastern end with an oxidized scoria deposit around the vent.Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).No Data (checked)-68.58,-26.48355124Falso AzufreCompositeComplexChile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe Falso Azufre volcanic complex is a 15-km-long, E-W trending group of overlapping craters, lava domes, and composite cones extending from Chile into Argentina. The western portion includes the high point and principal edifice of the complex, Cerro Falso Azufre, and consists of overlapping craters that produced dominantly pyroclastic products. The eastern portion, located wholly in Argentina, contains two small composite cones and two lava domes that appear to represent the most recent activity of the complex and may be of Holocene age (de Silva, 2007 pers. comm.).-26.8000-68.37005906Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-12537.jpgThe Falso Azufre volcanic complex, covering 387 km2 at the Chile-Argentina border, was constructed largely by lava flows up to 7 km long and 4 km wide, shown in this April 2019 Planet Labs satellite image monthly mosaic (N is at the top; this image is approximately 22 km across). The crater of the Kunstmann edifice is in the upper left corner, and the eastern domes, coulees, and lava flows are to the far right. The summit region craters are aligned along a NW-SE trend to the W (the Falso Azufre edifice), and along a ENE-WSW trend on the eastern side (the Dos Conos edifice).Satellite image courtesy of Planet Labs Inc., 2019 (https://www.planet.com/).No Data (checked)-68.37,-26.8355125Incahuasi, Nevado deCompositeStratovolcano(es)Chile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcNevado de Incahuasi is a complex volcanic massif that straddles the Chile-Argentina border ENE of Nevados Ojos del Salado volcano. Two stratovolcanoes occupy a compound 3.5-km-wide caldera, and Pleistocene lava domes are located on the W and SW flanks. The youngest stratovolcano is capped by a 1-km-wide crater, and dacitic lava flows radiate down the flanks. The fresh-looking morphology of the youngest products suggest a Holocene (González-Ferrán, 1995) or possible Holocene (de Silva 2007, pers. comm.) age. A dacitic lava dome partially fills an arcuate crater on the E flank of Incahuasi (which means "House of the Inca" in Quechua). Four pyroclastic cones are located 7 km to NE and produced basaltic andesite lava flows that cover an area of 10 km2.-27.0330-68.29606638Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Uncertainhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-11000.jpgSnow and ice drapes the western flank of Nevado Incahuasi along the Chile/Argentina border, as seen from Paso las Lozas at 5100 m. Nevado de Incahuasi is a complex volcanic massif located ENE of Nevados Ojos del Salado volcano. Two stratovolcanoes occupy a compound 3.5 -km-wide caldera. Pleistocene lava domes are located on the west and SW flanks of the 6621-m-high Nevado de Incahuasi, one of the world's highest volcanoes. Photo by Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Dacite-68.296,-27.033355120LastarriaCompositeStratovolcanoChile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe NNW-trending edifice of 5706-m-high Lastarria volcano along the Chile-Argentina border contains five nested summit craters. The youngest feature is a lava dome that overlaps the northern crater rim. The large andesitic-dacitic Negriales lava field on the western flanks was erupted from a single SW-flank vent. A large debris-avalanche deposit is found on the SE flank. Recent pyroclastic-flow deposits form an extensive apron below the northern flanks of the volcano. Although no historical eruptions have been recorded, the youthful morphology of deposits suggests activity during historical time. Persistent fumarolic activity occurs at the summit and NW flank, and sulfur flows have been produced by melting of extensive sulfur deposits in the summit region.-25.1680-68.50705706Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06901.jpgThe elongated NNW-trending edifice of 5697-m-high Lastarria volcano rises above pyroclastic-flow deposits that form an extensive apron below the northern flanks of the volcano. Five nested craters are found along a semi-arcuate line on the summit ridge. The youngest feature is a lava dome that overlaps the northern crater rim. Persistent fumarolic activity occurs at the summit and NW flank, and small sulfur flows 350 m long have been produced by melting of extensive sulfur deposits in the summit region.Photo by Paula Cornejo, courtesy of Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-68.507,-25.168355131Solo, ElCompositeStratovolcanoChile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcEl Solo is large stratovolcano composed of nine eruptive centers located west of Nevados del Ojos de Salado and SE of Tres Cruces volcano. The 6205-m-high volcano was the source of major rhyodacitic pyroclastic-flow deposits erupted during the Holocene that thickly fill adjacent valleys (González-Ferrán, 1995).-27.1050-68.71306205Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06902.jpgLight-colored rhyodacitic pyroclastic-flow deposits blanket El Solo volcano in the Ojos del Salado area. Snow partially mantles the summit of El Solo, a stratovolcano composed of nine eruptive centers located west of Nevados del Ojos de Salado and SE of Tres Cruces volcano. The 6190-m-high El Solo volcano was the source of major pyroclastic-flow deposits erupted during the Holocene that thickly fill adjacent valleys. Photo courtesy of Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Dacite-68.713,-27.105355130Ojos del Salado, NevadosCompositeStratovolcano750Chile-ArgentinaSouth America Volcanic RegionsCentral Andean Volcanic ArcThe world's highest active volcano, Nevados Ojos del Salado, rises to 6,879 m along the Chile-Argentina border. The volcano lies about 20 km south of the road that crosses the international border at Paso de San Francisco. The summit complex, which is elongated in a NE-SW direction and overlies a largely buried caldera, contains numerous craters, pyroclastic cones and andesitic-to-rhyolitic lava domes and has been the source of Holocene lava flows. A major rhyodacitic explosive eruption about 1000-1500 years ago produced pumiceous pyroclastic flows. The most recent eruptive activity appears to have originated along a NNE-trending rift along the summit complex. It involved formation of a thick, viscous lava flow and at least a dozen small cones, lava domes, and explosion craters. No confirmed historical eruptions have been recorded, but the volcano has displayed persistent fumarolic activity, and there was an unconfirmed report of minor gas-and-ash emission in 1993.-27.1090-68.54106879Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06907.jpgThe world's highest Holocene volcano, Nevados Ojos del Salado, rises to 6887 m along the border between Chile and Argentina. The summit complex, which is elongated in a NE-SW direction, is seen here from the NW. The massive volcanic complex contains numerous craters, cones, and andesitic and dacitic lava domes. No historical eruptions have been recorded, but the volcano is fumarolically active. Photo by Oscar González-Ferrán (University of Chile).Dacite-68.541,-27.109283220ChokaisanCompositeStratovolcano(es)1974JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcChokaisan is composed of two overlapping stratovolcanoes with a conical profile that inspired the local names of Akita-Fuji or Dewa-Fuji. The summit of the gently sloping western edifice (Nishi-Chokaisan) is cut by a large scarp open to the south that contains lava domes. The younger eastern volcano (Higashi-Chokaisan) began forming about 20,000 years ago, and also has a large scarp, breached to the north. An eruption about 2,600 years ago was the source of the voluminous Kisakata debris avalanche, which reached the Pacific coast. Two post-caldera lava domes have been constructed at the upper SE end of the caldera. Intermittent reports of eruptions date back to the 6th century CE.39.0994140.04892236Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-02059.jpgChokaisan is the largest of the NE Honshu volcanoes, seen here from the NE. The volcano is comprised of two main overlapping edifices, the younger eastern area contains the large collapse scarp that was the source of the Kisakata debris avalanche, seen here opening to the N. Smaller cones later filled much of the area near the rear scarp.Photo courtesy Ichio Moriya (Kanazawa University).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite140.0489,39.0994283230Akita-KomagatakeCompositeStratovolcano(es)1971JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcTwo calderas partially filled by basaltic cones cut the summit of Akita-Komagatake volcano. The larger southern caldera is 1.5 x 3 km wide and has a shallow sloping floor that is drained through a narrow gap cutting the SW caldera rim. On its northern side is a smaller more circular 1.2-km-wide caldera whose rim is breached widely to the NE. The two calderas were formed following explosive eruptions at the end of the Pleistocene, between about 13,500 and 11,600 years ago. Two cones, Medake and Kodake, occupy the NE corner of the southern caldera, whose long axis trends NE-SW. The Onamedake cone within the northern caldera has produced lava flows to the north and east; it has a 100-m-wide summit crater. Small-scale historical eruptions have occurred from cones and fissure vents inside the southern caldera. The temperatures of geothermal areas increased beginning in 2005, and some fumarolic plumes were observed in 2011-12.39.7610140.79901637Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-08922.jpgOnamedake cone and the Amidaike pond are located at the NE end of the summit crater complex of Akita-Komagatake. This cone forms the highest point of the volcano and has produced lava flows to the N and E. This photo is taken from the NE rim of a 1.5 x 3 km caldera partially filled by basaltic cones. Photo by Ichio Moriya (Kanazawa University).Basalt / Picro-Basalt140.799,39.761283240IwatesanCompositeComplex1919JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcViewed from the east, Iwatesan volcano has a symmetrical profile that invites comparison with Fuji, but on the west an older cone is visible containing an oval-shaped, 1.8 x 3 km caldera. After the growth of Nishi-Iwate volcano beginning about 700,000 years ago, activity migrated eastward to form Higashi-Iwate volcano. Iwate has collapsed seven times during the past 230,000 years, most recently between 739 and 1615 CE. The dominantly basaltic summit cone of Higashi-Iwate volcano, Yakushidake, is truncated by a 500-m-wide crater. It rises well above and buries the eastern rim of the caldera, which is breached by a narrow gorge on the NW. A central cone containing a 500-m-wide crater partially filled by a lake is located in the center of the oval-shaped caldera. A young lava flow from Yakushidake descended into the caldera, and a fresh-looking lava flow from the 1732 eruption traveled down the NE flank.39.8530141.00102038Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-02063.jpgYakushidake (right) forms the summit of Iwatesan, and is a younger cone that was constructed over the eastern rim of NishiIwate caldera, the left-hand peak in this view from the SE. Eruptions have been recorded since the 17th century, mostly from the 500-m-wide summit crater and flank vents.Photo by Lee Siebert, 1977 (Smithsonian Institution).Basalt / Picro-Basalt141.001,39.853283250HachimantaiCompositeStratovolcano-5350JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcHachimantai was constructed from widely scattered vents during the Pleistocene and is capped with andesitic lavas from vents in the center of the complex. The summit forms an undulating plateau surrounded by steep slopes. Circular craters are located near Komonomore and Mokkodake in the center of the plateau. The craters are youthful looking, but have not been dated. Hayakawa (1996, pers. comm.) considered Hachimantai to be of possible Holocene age. No historical eruptions have been recorded, but active solfataras are found on the western and southern flanks. 39.9580140.85401613Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-08916.jpgA series of craters, some filled by lakes, dot the undulating summit plateau of Hachimantai. The volcano produced vents during the Pleistocene, and lava flows from the center of the complex. Circular craters are located near Komonomore and Mokkodake in the center of the plateau. Photo by Ichio Moriya (Kanazawa University).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite140.854,39.958283262MegataMinor (Basaltic)Maar(s)-2050JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcMegata, a group of three small maars along the tip of the Oga Peninsula in NW Honshu, has been active during the Holocene (Ishikawa et al., 1957). Lakes 300-600 m wide fill the basaltic-to-dacitic maars, which are a noted locality for mantle-derived xenoliths. Ichinomegata, the easternmost, largest, and oldest of the three maars, is 600 m in diameter. Ninomegata and Sannomegata are located immediately E and S of Toga Bay, which itself is a maar. The rim of the rhyolitic Toga (Togowan) maar, larger than the Megata maars, is breached by the sea on the western side and was formed about 450,000 years ago. The Megata maars are mostly late Pleistocene in age, but Murayama (1987) noted that pottery from roughly 4,000 years before present (Jomon Period) has been found within tephra layers from the maars. 39.9500139.7250160Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10544.jpgSannomegata (center), seen here from the NW with Toga bay in the foregound, is one of three small Megata maars along the tip of the Oga Peninsula. Lakes 300-700 m wide fill the maars, which are noted localities for mantle-derived xenoliths and are located immediately E and S of Toga Bay.Copyrighted photo by Hiroshi Yagi (Japanese Quaternary Volcanoes database, RIODB, http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/index.htm and Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://www.gsj.jp/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite139.725,39.95283260Akita-YakeyamaCompositeStratovolcano1997JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcOne of several Japanese volcanoes named Yakeyama ("Burning Mountain"), Akita-Yakeyama is the most recently active of a group of coalescing edifices in NW Honshu immediately west of Hachimantai volcano. The main volcano, Yakeyama, contains a small lava dome in its 600-m-wide summit crater. Tsugamori to the east is a stratovolcano of roughly the same height and has a 2-km-wide crater breached to the NE. The flat-topped lava dome of Kuroshimori lies 4 km S of Yakedake. One of several thermal areas, the Tamagawa Spa at the western foot has strongly acidic and slightly radioactive water. The last magmatic eruption formed the Onigajo lava dome in the summit crater about 5000 years ago. There have been somewhat uncertain reported 19th-century eruptions and mild phreatic eruptions in the 20th century.39.9640140.75701366Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10502.jpgAkita-Yakeyama, seen here from the E, is one of several Japanese volcanoes named Yakeyama ("Burning Mountain"). Yakeyama contains a lava dome in its 600-m-wide summit crater and the flat-topped Kuroshimori lava dome is visible to the left. Several thermal areas are located on the lower western flank.Copyrighted photo by Hiroshi Yagi (Japanese Quaternary Volcanoes database, RIODB, http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/index.htm and Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://www.gsj.jp/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite140.757,39.964283271TowadaCalderaCaldera915JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcThe lake-filled, 11-km-wide, Towada caldera in northern Honshu formed during as many as six major explosive eruptions over a 40,000-year period ending about 13,000 years ago. Pre-caldera eruptive activity dates back about 2 million years and produced basaltic-to-dacitic lava cones. Following late-Pleistocene andesitic-to-rhyolitic caldera-forming eruptions, the basaltic Ninokura stratovolcano grew in the SSE section of the caldera. Successive dacitic-to-rhyolitic explosive eruptions from the Goshikiiwa cone led to the formation of the roughly 2-km-wide Nakanoumi caldera, whose SW and NE rims form peninsulas extending into Lake Towada. The andesitic-to-dacitic Ogurayama lava dome was built over the NE rim of Nakanoumi. The latest eruption took place in 915 CE, when eruptions from Ogurayama produced widespread ashfall and pyroclastic flows.40.5100140.88001011Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-06452.jpgThe 11-km-wide lake-filled Towada caldera, whose far northern wall is seen here in the distance, formed during a series of major explosive eruptions over a 40,000-year period ending about 13,000 years ago. The peninsula across the center is the rim of Nakanoumi caldera that formed by the collapse of the Goshikiiwa cone. The Ogurayama dome to the upper right was the source of the 915 CE eruption.Photo by Yukio Hayakawa (Gunma University).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite140.88,40.51283270IwakisanCompositeStratovolcano1863JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcIwakisan volcano, symmetrical on all but its western flanks, has a 2-km-wide summit crater filled by a lava dome flanked by six explosion craters. Three more lava domes are found on the western and southern flanks of the andesitic volcano. Eruptions have been reported since 1600 CE, consisting primarily of small-to-moderate phreatic explosions.40.6560140.30301624Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10845.jpgIwakisan rises above farmlands below its SE flank. The peak to the left is Chokaisan and the 2-km-wide summit crater is filled by a lava dome that forms the summit. Eruptions have occurred since 1597 CE and have consisted primarily of small-to-moderate phreatic explosions.Copyrighted photo by Yoshihiro Ishizuka (Japanese Quaternary Volcanoes database, RIODB, http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/index.htm and Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://www.gsj.jp/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite140.303,40.656283280HakkodasanCompositeStratovolcano(es)1550JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcThe Hakkodasan complex includes at least 17 stratovolcanoes and lava domes south of Mutsu Bay at the northern end of Honshu. The NE rim of an 8-km-wide Pleistocene caldera forms an arcuate ridge across a flat caldera-floor moat NE of the Hakkoda group volcanoes, which bury the SE caldera wall. A northern group of volcanoes, constructed within the caldera, appears to be younger. The craters at Hakkoda-Odake, Ido-dake, and Tsurugi-dake appear morphologically young. Akakuradake has a 1-km-wide explosion crater breached to the north. An active solfatara occurs at Idodake, and hot springs are found at several locations within the caldera. Three minor phreatic events from Jigokunuma on the SW flank of Odake volcano produced tephra radiocarbon dated to the 13th-17th centuries. Three soldiers on a training mission in July 1997 were killed on the lower N flank of Hakkoda when they slipped into a depression containing a high percentage of CO2 gas wiht a magmatic origin.40.6590140.87701584Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-05677.jpgHakkoda consists of a group of 14 cones and lava domes south of Mutsu Bay at the northern end of Honshu. The NE rim of an 8-km-wide Pleistocene caldera forms an arcuate ridge across the caldera floor to the NE of the Hakkoda group volcanoes, which bury the SE caldera wall. This view looks from the W towards the northern Akakuradake, Idodake, and Hakkodasan volcanoes seen from left to right. Photo by Takashi Kudo, 1996 (Hokkaido University).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite140.877,40.659283290OsorezanCompositeStratovolcano1787JapanNorthwestern Pacific Volcanic RegionsNortheast Japan Volcanic ArcOsorezan, on the Shimokita Peninsula in northernmost Honshu, contains a 5-km-wide caldera partly occupied by a shallow lake that drains through the N caldera wall. Dissected lava domes ring the caldera floor. The andesitic-to-dacitic volcano is largely Pleistocene in age, with activity dating back about 800,000 years. The last identified distal tephra deposit was erupted during the late Pleistocene. The only report of historical activity was in a Tohoku district travel document published in 1787, which stated that Yakeyama in Mutsu country (Osoreyama) had erupted. Older residents reported that large fires and clouds were sometimes seen from the summit, accounting for the volcano's local name, Yakeyama, or "Burning Mountain" (Murayama, 1987). Earthquake swarms have been documented during the second half of the 20th century, and magma bodies have been detected beneath the volcano.41.2790141.1200878Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Observedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-10566.jpgThe SE side of Osorezan is seen here above Mutsu Bay is the Shimokita Peninsula in northernmost Honshu. It contains a 3-km-wide caldera partly occupied by a shallow lake that drains through the north caldera wall. Copyrighted photo by Tadahide Ui (Japanese Quaternary Volcanoes database, RIODB, http://riodb02.ibase.aist.go.jp/strata/VOL_JP/EN/index.htm and Geol Surv Japan, AIST, http://www.gsj.jp/).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite141.12,41.279342120TecuamburroCompositeStratovolcano-960GuatemalaMiddle America-Caribbean Volcanic RegionsCentral America Volcanic ArcTecuamburro is a small forested stratovolcano, or large lava-dome complex, about 50 km ESE of Guatemala City and 20 km S of the main volcanic chain. An older andesitic stratovolcano, Miraflores, was formed about 100,000 years ago. Tecuamburro and other lava domes were constructed during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene within an open E-facing scarp produced by structural failure of Miraflores more than 38,000 years ago. One of the largest of these domes, Peña Blanca, overtops the NW rim of the collapse scarp. Two nested craters, the larger of which is Chupadero, lie at the NW end of the complex. The smaller crater is a phreatic tuff ring, Laguna Ixpaco, that was formed about 2,900 years ago during the latest dated eruption of the complex. Numerous fumaroles, hot springs, and boiling mud pots are found in the area around the acidic lake.14.1560-90.40701845Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEruption Datedhttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-04024.jpgTecuamburro, seen here from the north, is a small lava dome complex of mostly Pleistocene age. The smoother left flank consists of younger lava domes that were constructed during the late Pleistocene or early Holocene within a horseshoe-shaped, east-facing scarp. The scar resulted from structural failure of the older Miraflores edifice (right).Photo by Lee Siebert, 1988 (Smithsonian Institution).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-90.407,14.156342130MoyutaCompositeStratovolcanoGuatemalaMiddle America-Caribbean Volcanic RegionsCentral America Volcanic ArcMoyuta is the easternmost of a chain of large stratovolcanoes extending along the volcanic front of Guatemala. Like Tecuamburro volcano, it is offset about 20 km S of the main volcanic chain and lies south of the Jalpatagua Fault, overlying the southern boundary of the Jalpatagua Graben. The volcano is capped by a cluster of at least three forested, steep-sided, coalescing andesitic lava domes that from some distant perspectives give the summit a flat-topped appearance. Numerous cinder cones in various stages of erosion are located on the flanks of the complex. The age of the latest eruption is not known, although the summit domes were considered to have been emplaced in relatively recent times (Williams et al., 1964). Small fumaroles are found on the N and S flanks, and hot springs are located near Azulco at the NE base and along rivers on the SE side.14.0300-90.10001662Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-04033.jpgMoyuta is the easternmost of a chain of large volcanoes extending along the volcanic front of Guatemala. The summit contains a cluster of forested lava domes. It is viewed here from a small lake to its SW at the edge of the Pacific coastal plain. Photo by Lee Siebert, 1988 (Smithsonian Institution).Andesite / Basaltic Andesite-90.1,14.03342140FloresClusterVolcanic fieldGuatemalaMiddle America-Caribbean Volcanic RegionsCentral America Volcanic ArcVolcán de Flores is one of the largest of a cluster of small stratovolcanoes located in SE Guatemala behind the volcanic front. Also known as Volcán Amayo, it lies ~10 km W of the city of Jutiapa, at the SW end of the SE Guatemala volcanic platform. The summit rises ~600 m above a basement of Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks and contains a shallow crater breached on its eastern side. Satellitic cones occur at the southern and eastern base of the dominantly basaltic volcano, and youthful lava flows occur at the NE base, near El Aguacite.14.3080-89.99201600Subduction zone / Continental crust (> 25 km)HoloceneEvidence Crediblehttps://volcano.si.edu/gallery/photos/GVP-07776.jpgVolcán de Flores, seen here from the SSW, is one of the largest of a cluster of small volcanoes located behind the main volcanic front in SE Guatemala. The summit rises up to 600 m above a basement of Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary rocks and contains a smaller summit cone with a shallow crater that opens to the east. An alignment of scoria cones trends across the flanks.Photo by Francesco Frugioni, 1999 (Istituto Nazionale di Geofisca e Vulcanologia, Rome).Basalt / Picro-Basalt-89.992,14.308